The Interprofessional Working Environment with Vulnerable Adult with Essay

The Interprofessional Working Environment with Vulnerable Adult with Learning Disabilities - Essay Example As individuals, health practitioners and society are informed, take concern and progressive actions, various professional groups backed by government institutions and private ones are assigned either by choice or by obligation to individuals that need the help and assistance to lead a healthy, normal productive life. This study would try to delineate the current status of interprofessional working condition with regards to government programs and support, public and private agenda and contributions, as well as the actual process, problems and situations involved in being an occupational therapist with a vulnerable adult with learning difference. Occupational therapists (OTs) work with individuals with mental, physical, emotional or developmental disabilities to help them improve their ability to do everyday tasks at home and at work (BLS, 2005) with the goal to make clients have independent, productive, healthy and satisfying lives. The Deaprtment of Health through the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom provide for the necessary support in order to attain a holistic output in all efforts undertaken by both the health and social services sector. As the agency mutate and change over time adopting new policies and programs and discarding those which they deemed outmoded and outdated, professional groups from various agencies are hauled in the scene altogether. Pietroni (1994) described inter-working professional relations developed through hospital teamwork among surgical teams and mental health teams. But the Community Care Act further required social care assessment so that team membership became extended to psychologists, psychiatrists, counsellors, occupational therapists, pharmacists, and most recently, music and art therapists. But also a part of the growing network are from education, housing, court solicitors, voluntary and private sectors (Kingdon, 1992). Stott (1995) observed that by 1990s, the practice-based primary care in the UK have developed into a continuing and comprehensive care that shifted away from the personal doctor. West (1994) added that challenge is already focused to continuing personal care as well as achieving effective teamwork through shared vision, objectives and protocols. The 28 Strategic Health Authorities (SHAs) were introduced in 2002 that led to strategic developments that disbanded former health authorities and also underlined a major NHS issue which is constant change (Leathard, 2003). So that with this preconception, change has been equated to policies and legislations that affect health and social care since. As agencies and professionals with differing background and duties come together to handle individuals with special needs such as vulnerable adults with learning disabilities, a work environment is changed. Many believe that evaluation is still much needed but more also support his integration of different professionals. In a study conducted by Fawcett (2002), it was indicated that among 183 adults who self-reported learning disabilities, over 60 percent admitted that the disabilities persist into adult life. This is prevailing notion as well as a fact that beseech individuals with LD. Here, occupational

Tomb Brion Carlo Scarpa Essay Example for Free

Tomb Brion Carlo Scarpa Essay The Brion family bought the 68m2 strip of land, in the cemetery of San Vito d’Alitvole. Later when he died, this plot was extended into an L-shaped plot of land 2200 square metres. Scarpa had â€Å"found his Pyramid† after being commissioned, It took ten years to construct and in the process Scarpa drew 1200 drawings for the Tomb. (Carlo Scarpa – a Profile, 1996) POETIC ARCHITECTURE By paying close attention to detail and considering his designs from every perspective possible, Scarpa has created a tomb with magical and transporting qualities. From reading and seeing images of the architecture, it feels like Scarpa has created a living, breathing, growing form; crafted by using a continuous architectural language. Sculpted from his knowledge and experience of Italian views on life and death, Christian faith and a respect for cultural traditions of the Orient. Combined, they have come together to create a poetic masterpiece. Using his understanding of nature, human senses and materials Scarpa’s â€Å"tapestry woven from countless myths; like human memory, without beginning and without end† (Saito, 1997, p. 16) is realised. WALL The site has a 230cm wall built around the site, which slopes to a 60-degree angle, which the inner site has been raised by 70cm and covered with grass. This limits the view of the observer, taking them away from the mundane sights of the village, creating seclusion. It’s an internal space that represents the joining of the living and the dead world. This theme runs through all of Scarpa’s architecture. Ennio asked Scarpa to make one area of the wall lower; this can be found on the left-hand side of the entrance wing, this was one of only two things that the Brion family asked to have changed about the design. In an interview with Mr. Ennio Brion, the son of the Brion’s explains: â€Å"We had chosen this site because my father wanted to be buried along with his fellow towns-people and having such a high wall between them would have created too strong a separation† (Saito, 1997, p. 152). CIRCLES Circles are found all over Scarpa’s designs. The intersecting circle at the entrance wing is a thought provoking sign as you enter the space it acts as acts as an intermediate passage before entering the ‘new dimension’. The symbolism of a circle is evocative to any culture; it brings interpretations of unity, infinity and continuity, all of which relate to the site and its purpose. The circlular form is also used as ‘nodes’ at the ends of many of the axis. They work like a ‘node’ found in biology when a new leaf grows from a stem creating a transitional point. Visually, Phillip Smith from (O2 Landscapes, 2013) suggests that they present a sense of renewed or redirected sense of vitality to the audience as the energy moves through the water system. VEGETATION The vegetation has been meticulously thought out to be evocative, to flood the senses with sight and smells to trigger sensations. In contrast with the solidity of the architecture, the vegetation is there to compliment the passing of time (Lanscape Australia, 1991). He demonstrated this in minute detail through drawings, how the passing of time will change the face of the site (Saito, 1997) The project challenged him to consider the human soul, challenged him to consider how to cater for the dead and how he could keep the memories of the dead alive in their final resting place. (Saito, 1997). What has emerged is architecture as almost a living, breathing, growing personification of a world that is there, but not at the same time. LIGHT The play of light and shadow is one way in which going there allows people to capture a new experience each time. The light is said to â€Å"change every instant,† and, is at times, â€Å"shocking† (Saito, 1997, p. 19) for visitors. The key feature to this is due to the orientation of the 60m2 chapel. Turned to a 45 degree angle on the east-west axis, the orientation takes the full advantage of light coming from all sides, at any point of the day or year. Using apertures in the walls (Saito, 1997) to let the light in, Scarpa creates a world of ever-changing patterns and intensities of light within the chapel. All these qualities vary depending to season but are planned in detail. For example, the light from one of these apertures in different season causes the shadow to make one, long belt and whereas in the summer it casts a thin x-shape. What really creates the poetry however is how Scarpa take tools such as light, stone and water and through craft, brings its soul to the surface. By thinly slicing onyx and allowing the light to shine through it the soft and delicate patters are amplified by illuminating the space. The double windows located at the back of the altar extend down to floor level allow tiny particles of light enhanced by the moisture from the pool below, to dance around the altar (Saito, 1997). The pavilion is there so the souls of the dead can use it as a canopy to meditate under. (Saito, 1997). An architect would usually cater only for the human experience, Scarpa has looked beyond this, catering for the concept of a cemetery. The zigzag pattern is a dominating feature of the site, acting as a method to show the texture of the material whilst eliminating the cruder side of it, a sequence of refining. He turns it into a new material with new and different qualities. Scarpa paid particular attention into moulding the concrete into a texture resembling tree bark. The zigzags also allow light diffuse and create shadows. He uses these uneven zigzags under the pools of water. In some cases he uses hem to bring out the colours and create interplay of light and shadows and in other incidences, like by the pavilion, the zigzags create the impression that is floating on the water. (Saito, 1997) TOMBS The final resting place of the Brion family is the Tomb. The sepulchres contrast in colour creating a buoyancy effect between the black and white materials. The bases are made from Carrera marble, whereas the upper part is sculpted from slabs of dark brown granite. This effect gives a floating impression, where tilt int o another at a 22. -degree angle, symbolising inclusion and unity. The Floating effect was to be further implied by using water, akin to Scarpa’s earlier works. However, the Brion family felt it too pretentious in context. They meant for the chapel for the entire village, though in reality the dominance of Scarpa’s architectural vision has changed this. Scarpa died just after the site’s completion in 1978 and in accordance to his wishes he was buried here. He is buried in a standing up position (Mimoa, 2009). Before his death he was quoted as saying, I would like to explain the Tomb Brion. I consider this work, if you permit me, to be rather good and which will get better over time. I have tried to put some poetic imagination into it, though not in order to create poetic architecture but to make a certain kind of architecture that could emanate a sense of formal poetry. The place for the dead is a garden. I wanted to show some ways in which you could approach de ath in a social and civic way; and further what meaning there was in death, in the ephemerality of life other than these shoe-boxes. (Mimoa, 2009)

Interaction Between Two Anionic Dyes and Cationic Surfactant

Interaction Between Two Anionic Dyes and Cationic Surfactant The interaction of the triphenylmethane dye xylenol orange with cationic surfactants cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetylpyridinium chloride was studied by absorption spectrophotometry and principal component analysis of infrared spectra by A. Gojmerac IvÃ… ¡ic ´ et al. [24]. Upon the addition of surfactants the yellow color of the acidic xylenol orange solution changed to purple-red. Changes in the absorption spectra of the mixture indicate strong interactions between dye and surfactants. These interactions were also monitored using ATR spectroscopy and the most prominent changes were observed in the vibration of the carbonyl group. The comparison of principal component loadings obtained from spectral data matrices for xylenol orange and mixtures of xylenol orange with surfactants revealed differences in infrared spectra caused only by the interaction of the surfactants with the dye. The interactions of Acid Green 25 (AG), an anionic dye, with two cationic surfactants tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), and hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) in aqueous solutions far below the CMC are studied at different temperatures using the conductometric method by H. Dezhampanah et. al. [25]. Various thermodynamic functions and equilibrium constants for the process of dye-surfactant ion pair formation were calculated using the conductometric data. There results indicate that the longer hydrophobic chain surfactants had a greater tendency and higher equilibrium constant as compared to shorter hydrophobic chain surfactants and short range, non-electrostatic interactions along with long range electrostatic forces have a significant influence on dye surfactant ion pair formation. Interaction of a food dye, tartrazine, with some cationic conventional and gemini surfactants, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), N,N-ditetradecyl-N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-N,N-butanediyl-diammonium dibromide (14,4,14), and N,N-didodecyl-N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-N,N- butanediyl-diammonium dibromide (12,4,12), were first investigated comprehensively by A. Asadzadeh Shahir et al. [26], employing conductometry, tensiometry, and UV-visible spectroscopy. Tartrazine was found to behave in the same manner as aromatic counterions. The formation of ion pairs reflected as a considerable increase of the surfactant efficiency in tensiometry plots and their stoichiometry were determined by Job’s method of continuous variations. For the tartrazine/TTAB system, nonionic DS3, ionic DS2-, and/or DS2 ion pairs, their small premicelles, and tartrazine rich micelles were constituted as well as dye-containing TTAB-rich micelles. Insoluble J-aggregates of DS ion pairs and cylindrical surfactant-rich micelles were also formed in tartrazine/gemini surfactant systems and recognized by transmission electron microscopy. The zeta potential and the size of the aggregates were determined using dynamic light scattering and confirmed the suggested models for the processes happening in each system. Cyclic voltammetry was applied successfully to track all of these species using tartrazine’s own reduction peak current for the first time. Reza Hosseinzadeh et al. [27] investigated the solubilization and interaction of azo-dye light yellow (X6G) at/with cationic surfactants cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) spectrophotometricaly. The effect of cationic micelles on solubilization of anionic azo dye in aqueous micellar solutions of cationic surfactants was studied at pH 7 and 25 à ¢- ¦C. The binding of dye to micelles implied a bathochromic shift in dye absorption spectra that indicates dye–surfactant interaction. The results showed that the solubility of dye increased with increasing surfactant concentration, as a consequence of the association between the dye and the micelles. The binding constants, Kb, were obtained from experimental absorption spectra. By using pseudo-phase model, the partition coefficients between the bulk water and surfactant micelles, Kx, were calculated. Gibbs energies of binding and distribution of dye between the bulk water and surfactant micelle s were estimated. The results show favorable solubilization of dye in CTAB micelles. The aggregation induced by Alizarin Yellow R (AYR) in the cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), was investigated by measuring their UV–visible absorption spectra by M. F. Nazar et al. [28]. Conductance measurements as a function of surfactant concentration below and above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) were studied. CTAB aggregation takes place at the concentration far below its normal CMC in the presence of AYR. Both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions affect the aggregation process in aqueous solution. Different parameters obtained from spectroscopic measurements and conductance data indicate an enhanced solubility of AYR dye in the micellar region. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding within the dye molecule effectively reduces intermolecular attraction, thereby increasing solubility in non-polar solvents (micelles). Medium effects on the position of the long wavelength absorption band of the azo dye characterize it as a pH chromic reporter molecule. A partitioning study of the solubilized system provides useful insight into the process of solubilization that is applicable to the general problem of membrane solubilization properties and in drug delivery to quantify the degree of drug-micelle interaction. The partition coefficient value obtained is important in micellar electro–kinetic capillary chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for drug quality control. Thus, interaction with micellar aggregates induces significant pKa shifts of Alizarin Yellow R that can be rationalized in terms of the partitioning of species and electrostatic contribution. Likewise, knowledge of the effects of organic additives on the CMC of surfactants is used both for theoretical and practical purposes because some additives are likely to be present as impurities or byproducts in the manufacturing of surfactants and their presence may cause significant differences in supposedly similar commercial surfactants. Eosin B and eosin Y have been used to estimate micro- and submicrogram quantities of proteins respectively. A.A. Waheed et al. [29] describe the mechanism of eosin binding to proteins. At pH lower than 3.0 the absorbance of unbound dye is greatly reduced. After the dye binds to protein, the absorption maximum of the dye changes from 514 to 530  ± 5 nm. The absorbance and bathochromatic shift in absorption maximum of the protein–dye complex are proportional to the concentration of protein. The pH of the assay solution does not change due to protein. Arginine, histidine, and lysine (at both acidic and neutral pH) and tryptophan (at acidic pH) residues of a protein bind electrostatically to carboxylic and phenolic groups of the dye to produce a stable water-soluble protein–dye complex. The binding constants of eosin B with poly-L-arginine, poly-L-histidine, poly-L-lysine, and poly-L-tryptophan at pH 1.96 are 0.37, 0.32, 0.33 and 0.33 nmol/nmol of amino acid, respectively . The binding constants of eosin B and eosin Y with bovine serum albumin (BSA) at pH 1.96 are essentially the same, i.e., 0.82 nmol/nmol of reactive amino acid of BSA. The binding constant varies with solution pH so that a wide range of protein concentrations can be estimated. The reason for the higher absorbance of protein–eosin Y complex compared to that of protein–eosin B complex is discussed. Javadian et al. [30] studied the interaction of Congo Red (CR) with a series of Alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CnTAB), N-hexadecyl pyridinium bromide (CPB) and N-hexadecyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) using conductometry and UV-Vis spectroscopy technique. Job’s method of continuous variations demonstrated that only DS complexes are formed in the studied mixtures. The formation of DS complexes results in decreasing the systems order so it is an enthalpy-driven reaction under the influence of both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The amount of ion pairs forming through the process is highly dependent on physical conditions and structure of the dyes and the surfactants such as chain length, head group and counterion. By increasing the length in the hydrophobic chain or the charge density of headgroup of a cationic surfactant, the strength of dye-surfactant interaction increases. In addition, the results show that the counter ion has no significant effect on dye-surfact ant interaction. The tendency to form DS complexes decreases with increasing temperature in the range of 298.0-313.0 K. K. Fujio et al. [31] examined the effect of added salt on micelle size, shape, and structure the solubilization of Orange OT in aqueous NaBr solutions of decylpyridinium bromide (DePB), dodecylpyridinium bromide (DPB), tetradecylpyridinium bromide (TPB), and hexadecylpyridinium bromide (CPB). The solubilization powers of DePB and DPB micelles increase with increasing NaBr concentration up to 2.86 and 3.07 mol dm–3, respectively, but above these concentrations remain unaltered. This suggests that spherical micelles of DePB and DPB can have a maximum and constant size at NaBr concentrations higher than these threshold concentrations. On the other hand, the solubilization powers of TPB and CPB micelles increase in the whole range of NaBr concentration studied. The dependencies of the solubilization powers of their micelles on the counterion concentration change at 0.10 and 0.03 mol dm–3 NaBr, respectively, as suggests that TPB and CPB micelles undergo the sphere–rod transition at those concentrations. Orange OT is a more suitable probe for detecting the presence of the maximum- and constant-size spherical micelle than Sudan Red B. The interactions between two anionic dyes and a cationic surfactant were studied by conductometric technique by A. A. Rafati et al. [32]. The conductance of aqueous solutions of methyl orange (MO) and methyl red (MR) was measured in the presence of a cationic surfactant, cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) at different temperatures in water–ethanol, water–propanol and water–butanol mixed solvents, containing different concentration of alcohols. The equilibrium constants and other thermodynamic functions for the process of dye–surfactant ion pair formation were calculated on the basis of a theoretical model. The results showed that the presence of alcohol, as well as increasing the length of the alcohol chain, decreases the tendency for ion pair formation. The results have shown that an increase in temperature lowers the tendency for ion pair formation as the equilibrium constants decrease with increasing temperature. According to the results, long range as well as short range interactions are responsible for the formation of the ion pair. The importance of long range electrical forces is basically to bring the dye anion and the surfactant cation close enough to enable the action of short range interactions whose contribution represents the major part of the standard free energy change for the formation of the anionic dye–cationic surfactant ion pair. By using the association constant (K1) for the first step of the association [D+S+→(DS) °], the standard free energy change, standard enthalpy change, and standard entropy change of the association were calculated at low surfactant concentrations.

On the Origin of Adaptations: Rethinking Fidelity Discourse and Success -- Biologically :: Article Review, Bortolotti, Hutcheon

The article, "On the Origin of Adaptations: Rethinking Fidelity Discourse and 'Success' -- Biologically," written by Gary R. Bortolotti and Linda Hutcheon criticizes the habit of using fidelity as the defining characteristic in deciding if an adaptation is a success or a failure. Bortolotti and Hutcheon posit a new system of evaluation by borrowing from the discipline of evolutionary biology. Namely, the success of an adaptation is to be judged by it's efficiency in perpetuating narrative. In evolutionary terms adaptations are predicated on survival of the fittest -the strongest narratives are the ones that adapt to their environments and replicate: by changing for different mediums, time periods, and societies they better insure the chances that the narrative will survive. The article begins with the claim from the movie Adaptation that, "adaptation is a profound process, which means you try and figure out how to thrive in the world" (443). While the authors acknowledge that the context of the film might give the impression of this being an ironic statement, in truth the opposite is true: adaptation really is pivotal to the continued survival of a narrative. The manifest problem with adaptation theory, according to Bortolotti and Hutcheon is the tendency of critics to judge adaptations as good or bad based upon the level of fidelity they maintain with the source text. Altering a source text is not a bad thing -- it is necessary. Bortolotti and Hutcheon both describe transformation of source texts as, "a common and persistent way that humans have always told and retold stories" (444). Critic Thomas Leitch agrees with this judgment and states, "every text offers itself as an invitation to be re-written" (16). But if re-writing a source text is a necessary and beneficial thing then what system of judgment should be used to replace the fidelity criterion? Bortolotti and Hutcheon suggest embracing the scientific framework of post-Darwin biology to judge adaptations. Biologically changing or mutating is necessary for a the survival of a species: creatures who cannot adapt to new environments or circumstances will die out. As stated in the article both stories and organisms share the common need to, "replicate and change" (446). The question arises, then, on how much change can be made before a story is no longer an adaptation. When does it become its own story rather than the re-telling of a source text. Critics Hutcheon and Bortolotti claim that adaptations may change many things and still maintain their status as an adaptation as long the core narrative remains in tact.

A Brief History of Iran from 1851 :: History

A Brief History of Iran from 1851 Qajar Dynasty 1851-1906 -- The Qajars (ruling family) lost central Asian provinces to the Russians and were forced to give up all claims on Afghanistan to the British. These two European powers dominated Iran's trade and manipulated its internal politics. The Qajars and influential members of their court were bribed to sell many valuable concessions to the British, such as the Tobacco Concession which triggered a massive popular uprising. 1906 -- Discontent with Qajar corruption and mismanagement led to the Constitutional Revolution and the establishment of Iran's first parliament or Majles. The constitutional aspirations for a limited monarchy were never to be fully realized. Although Iran never became an actual colony of imperial powers, in 1907 it was divided into two spheres of influence. The north was controlled by Russia and the south and the east by Britain. By the end of WW I, Iran was plunged into a state of political, social and economic chaos. 1921 -- Reza Khan, an officer in the army, staged a coup. Initially the minister of war and then the prime minister, in 1925 Reza Khan decided to become the Shah himself. Although Reza Khan's initial objective was to become the president of a republic, the clergy, fearing a diminished role in a republic, persuaded him to become the Shah. Pahlavi Dynasty 1925-1940 -- Reza Shah Pahlavi's first priority was to strengthen the authority of the central government by creating a disciplined standing army and restraining the autonomy of the tribal chiefs. He embarked upon a series of modernizing and secular reforms, some of which were designed specifically to break the power of the clergy over Iran's educational and judicial systems. He provided public education, built Iran's first modern university, opened the schools to women and brought them into the work force. He initiated Iran's first industrialization program and dramatically improved Iran's infrastructure by building numerous roads, bridges, state-owned factories and Iran's first transnational railway. In 1935, he officially requested all foreign governments to no longer refer to Iran as Persia, but as Iran. (The Iranian people themselves had always referred to their country as Iran.) Politically, however, Reza Shah forcibly abolished the wearing of the veil, took away the effective power of the Majles and did not permit any forms of free speech. With the outbreak of WW II, Reza Shah, wanting to remain neutral, refused to side with the Allies. 1941 -- In need of the Trans-Iranian railway to supply the Soviets with wartime materials, the Allies invaded and occupied Iran for the duration of the war. Reza Shah was forced to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and died in

The Importance of Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters in Susan Glaspells Trifles

The patented murder mystery, in all its addictive predictability, presents the audience with numerous cliches: a stormy night, a shadowy figure, a sinister butler, and a mysterious phone call. Susan Glaspell's Trifles does not fit this mold. Glaspell's mysterious inquiry into the murder of John Wright presents the reader with only one suspect, Mrs. Wright. Even though the court examiner and sheriff cannot find evidence against Mrs. Wright, the reader can plausibly argue the case against the neglected wife. Glaspell's use of descriptive language and subtle hints established the mood, presents the motive, and uncovers the evidence needed to solve this murder mystery. Setting the proper mood is important for any play, especially one that requires that its readers be wary of the surroundings. The first glimpse the reader gets of the setting is that of an "abandoned farmhouse . . . [and] a gloomy kitchen" (Glaspell 127). These first words give the readers a heightened state of tension and prepare them for darker events yet to come. Mrs. Hale repeatedly describes the cold house as not being "a very cheerful place" and mentions that it might not have been "any cheerfuller for John Wright's being in it" (130). These comments coming from a neighbor lead the reader to believe that Mrs. Wright was not happy in her surroundings largely because of her husband. Even the rocking chair in which Mrs. Wright sat seems tainted with unpleasantness. Mrs. Peters ahs to "shake off the mood which the empty rocking chair [evokes]" (131) before she continues her conversation with Mrs. Hale. The strange feeling the house provokes prods the women to think more deeply into the events leading to John Wright's death. This curiosity allows the women to u... ...would have much more difficulty portraying the evidence to the reader. This portrayal not only makes the story more interesting, but it also increases the character development of this short drama. Works Cited Banner, Lois. Women in Modern America: A Brief History. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1974. Glaspell, Susan. Trifles. Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers. Ed.   John Schilb and John Clifford. Boston: Bedford / St. Martin's, 2000. 127-137. Glaspell, Susan. "Trifles." Plays by Susan Glaspell. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company,  Ã‚  Inc., 1920. Reprinted in Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama.   X.J.  Kennedy and Dana Gioia Eds. New York: Harper Collins Publisher, 1995.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hewitt, Nancy. "Beyond the Search for Sisterhood: American Women's History in the 1980's."Social History. Vol. 10: No. 3 (1985): 299-321

Goal Write Up

Alex used the concept of â€Å"theory of constraints (TCO)† and new set of measurements and goals with the help of his mentor, Joana, to find constraints or bottlenecks in his plant. Joana defined bottleneck as any resource whose capacity is equal to or less then the demand placed upon it. This paper analyzes Argon's actions in The Goal with respect to the changes and tools that are available today and how the availability of newer tools in the manufacturing area might have affected the choices and priorities on which Ergo is focused.An integrated framework with TCO, Lean, and Six Sigma can maximize Argon's goals after evaluation of his goals, challenges, and application of the present day tools. New Tools Technological and operations management theory developments over the sat three decades provided new tools to Ergo if he faces his choices and priorities today. The most prominent of these are Lean operations, Six-sigma, internet, and various other software tools for operatio ns management effectiveness. ) Lean Operations: Lean operations theory focuses on smooth flow by removing the mud, a Japanese term for waste in the operations processes. Sources of waste are (GAG, 2009): over production, waiting, transportation, inventory, motion, over-processing defects, and not leveraging creativity of the employees. The five principles of Lean thin king are Woman & Jones, 1 996): Specify value from customer point of view, identify steps in the value stream, create smooth flow, customer pulls value, and pursue perfection.Thorough understanding and identification of the various wastes in the operations process can help Ergo to target improvement initiatives. B) Six-sigma: The main objective of Six-sigma DYNAMIC (Define- Measure-Analyze-lampooner-Control) methodology is improving processes and quality through reduction of defects to the extent of 3. 4 defects per million, reduce cycle time, increase throughput, and increase customer satisfaction by educing variation in products and processes, thus giving an organization a competitive advantage (GAG, 2009).Jack Welch emphasizes by calling variation as â€Å"evil† (III, 2014). â€Å"The methodology looks at a statistical number to determine whether or not to make a change in a company manufacturing process† (Stephen, 2009). Availability of Six-sigma methodologies would have helped Alex increase throughput while improving the quality and reducing variation in the products and processes. C) Internet and Software: Internet provided many tools for the operations manager over the past two decades.These tools increased efficiencies of the production processes by finding the information in minutes, tracking people, and running complex operations management software on the internet. They range from communications and search engine tools, to the more recent cloud based hosted MM applications on the internet such as customer relationship management SW such as Salesrooms etc. Sophisticated so ftware packages and simulation tools also include enterprise resource planning (ERP) which is an evolved version Of the material resource planning (MR.) that include other departments such as insane and order management packages.These tools would have helped Ergo to find Joana quickly, communicate with him on Keep, and conduct net meetings with divisional headquarters, track inventory and customer orders with ERP rather than the archaic homegrown information system. D) New MM Techniques: There are several new operations management techniques such as just-in-time (KIT) partnership with suppliers, Toyota production system (T AS), total quality management (TXT), supply chain management (SCM), and total productive maintenance (TAMP). . KIT focuses on continuous improvement through continuous and forced problem solving via focus on increasing through put and red icing inventory. KIT partnership between suppliers and purchasers reduce waste and drive down costs by removing unnecessary act ivities, in-plant and in-transit inventory, improve quality and reliability (Hazier & Render, 201 1). Ii. T AS three core components are continuous improvement, respect for people, and standard work practice (Hazier & Render, 201 1). Iii.Although KIT and Six-sigma are key components of the TXT, TXT provides other concepts and tools such as continuous improvement, employee empowerment, bench marking, Attaching concepts, and TXT tools to generate ideas (check sheets, scatter diagram, and cause- and-effect diagram), organizing data (Parent chart and flow chart), and identifying problems (histograms and statistical process control charts) (Hazier & Render, 201 1). Iv. The objective of SCM is to build a sequence of suppliers that focuses on maximizing value to the end customer (Hazier and Render, 2011).SCM process technique takes an integrated approach to procuring, producing, and delivering products and services to customers, veering the management of material, information and financial flows (Venerates, Hachure, & Caulker, 2007). V. TAMP is a manufacturing program designed primarily to maximize equipment life effectiveness through the participation and motivation of the entire work force (Ca, McKeon & Schroeder, 2001 Alex could make good use of these new MM techniques to increase effectiveness of his operations. Argon's Goals and New Tools The goal of any organization in general is to make money.Joana asks Ergo to change his plant measurements to the following measurements that express the goal of making money in a different way. These measurements are throughput, inventory, and operational expense. According to The Goal, definition of throughput is the rate at which the system generates money through sales. Inventory is all the money that the system has invested in purchasing things which the organization intends to sell, and operational expense is all the money the system spends in order to turn inventory into throughput.Then that the real goal of an organizati on is to increase throughput while simultaneously reducing both inventory and operating expense. Joana introduces Ergo to the TCO to help him achieve his goals and loving problems in his plant in terms of the measurements that express the goal of making money. TCO approach includes the following five steps to improve the plant performance: C] Step 1. Identify the system's constraint(s) C] Step 2. Decide how to exploit the system's constraint(s) C] Step 3. Subordinate everything else to exploit the constraint(s) CLC Step 4. Elevate the system's constraint(s) 0 Step 5.If in the previous steps, a constraint has been broken, go back to step 1, but do not allow inertia to cause a system's constraint. TCO primarily focuses on increasing throughput. When the current system constraint or bottleneck is resolved, a new system constraint is then identified creating a continuous cycle, which drives performance improvement forever. Because of this continuous improvement and focus on throughput, Argon's goal will remain the same in light Of the availability of the new tools. Several Of the new tools from these modern concepts can be applied to solve or improve the challenges faced by Ergo in the 1 ass's.New Tools Application to Ale's Challenges Ergo can bring several of the new tools to the challenges he faced at Unaware in the 1 9805. Some of these tools to improve the goals are: a) Lean production ass checklist: sort/segregate, simplify/straighten, shine/sweep, standardize, and sustain/self-discipline. This will help to address waste. B) pull system: This is a standard tool in KIT system to increase throughput and it is used with both suppliers and within the immediate production process (Hazier & Render, 201 1).Pulling the needed materials through the system in very small lots eliminates waste and inventory. C) Continuous Improvement: As a core component of T AS, continuous improvement builds an organization ultra that processes can be improved and that improvement is pa rt of every employee's responsibility (Hazier & Render, 201 1 Kamikaze is the formal process for this component believing that perfection is achieved through many incremental changes. Operations manager plays a key role in building kamikaze culture. ) Respecting and empowering people: TIPS empowers employees to stop process or machines when quality problems surface. TIPS respects employees by empowering them to enrich their jobs and lives. E) Scheduling: KIT scheduling tactics include communicate schedules to appliers, eliminate waste, produce in small lots, use Kansas, and make each operation produce perfect part. F) Inventory Management Systems: Ergo can establish these systems using BBC classification of all types of inventory and maintaining accurate records of the inventory. G) Forecasting: Forecasting demand has been a challenge for Ergo.He can make use of qualitative methods such as Delphi method as well as qualitative methods such as time- series forecasting to predict the d emand. Demand forecasts impacts plant capacity, human resources, and SCM (Hazier & Render, 201 1). Integrated Framework of TCO, Lean, and Six-Sigma Ergo and his team had to work with long established archaic management processes in the sass's setting. If The Goal were set in 2014, Ergo and his team would likely find management more willing to embark on a process of ongoing improvement including the new methodologies such as Lean and Six-sigma.However, these methodologies are not competing strategies, as each has significant value and applied differently with an integrated framework comprising of TCO, Lean, and Six-sigma. Ergo can make use of this integrated framework to maximize his goals. The integrated framework uses the synergy of TCO, Lean, and Six-Sigma to consistently achieve a concentrated system improvement beyond what might be accomplished by applying each method individually with a traditional continuous process improvement approach. The most efficient way to integrate TCO , Lean, and Six-Sigma starts with strategy as a first step (GAG, 2009).The strategy provides the strategic roadman to improve business performance. The strategic roadman provides the direction for the areas of the organization that maximizes benefit for the total system by applying improvements first. This continuous business success framework has two major parts: the constraint based system architecture and the TCO-Lean-Six-Sigma based continuous improvement architecture. A) Strategy- the output of a good strategy is a clear, agreed upon, roadman to improve business results.The focus is on optimizing the performance of the total system versus improving the individual functions in isolation. B) Design: This step determines the correct alignment of the business processes including changing any policies, measurements, roles and responsibilities, and information systems. C) Activate: During this step, the newly defined business processes are implemented. D) Improve: Improvements are ev aluated based on their ability to increase throughput, and to reduce inventory and operating expense and improve overall system performance. Jacob, Berglund & Cox 2009). Key performance indicators (Kepi's) are used to identify gaps between present and desired performance levels. Some useful improve techniques include AS system, TAMP, point of use storage (POLIS), Mistake proofing (Poke yoke), SSP, Capability Studies, Design of Experiments, etc. E) Sustain: As for the last step, Ergo should continuously review key measurement results to assess, address and institutionalize the policies, measurements and behaviors to guarantee that the results are sustained and do not degrade.Ergo can utilize the full integration of TCO, Lean and Six Sigma in order to obtain focused system improvement that achieves real, sustainable breakthrough performance. Although internet and internet based tools and sophisticated software packages certainly improve Argon's operations, they will not have direct im pact on the choices and priorities that Ergo has focused. With respect to the other lolls to help Ergo, the principles and techniques of KIT can be shifted to an entire SCM to strengthen Argon's SCM strategy in pursuit of improved organizational performance.