Barraclough’s Thesis

By 1300, arduous moguls created strong centralized nation states if they did non find two factors of the Barracloughs Thesis wor nance against them at the equivalent time. Geoffrey Barraclough, an incline historian, developed six factors that could either forge or break a nation state.         The first of the Barracloughs points is dynastic discontinuity. Dynastic discontinuity results when the reigning king fails to produce a priapic heir to the thrown at the right time. The descent credit line dies out, and a forward-looking family comes in and comprises all over. This happened in Germ any when the get Carolingian king, Louis the Child, died in 911 and in France when the lowest Carolingian king died in 987. similarly in France, the Capetians, which started with mogul Hugh Capet in 987 after the finale of the last Carolingian king, produced male heirs for seize hundred years. The last 3 Capetian kings, the sons of Philip IV, the Fair, all(p renominal) died without male heirs and the nighest relative was faggot Edward III of England, the son of Philips daughter. As a result, Philip of Valois, a first cousin of the previous kings, became king, which last ca employ problems. In 1066, Willie the motherfucker conquered England and imposed feudalism-a system of organisation found on the holding of land in return for forty days avail in the field using puff warfare.         The next of Barracloughs points is scattered crown resources. In Germany, the Habsburgs and the Luxemburgs used their position of emperor butterfly to increase their personal holdings. Rudolph Habsburg managed to take Austria by conquest from the King of Bohemia and added this territory to the family estates. Charles IV bear on his powers in Bohemia, which was a new acquisition of the Luxemburgs. Neither France nor England had any scattered crown resources retention them much stronger than the German empire.          Barracloughs next factor is ducal st! rength. In Germany, the German dukes choose a duke, Henry of Saxony, in 919. Henry and his descendants held the German monarchy until 1024, the most sizable of this line being Otto I, the Great. Also in Germany, the large territorial blocks of Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, and Bavaria became strong-minded political entities under powerful dukes, which were cowcatcherly districts of the Carolingian empire. In France, King John II granted the huge dukedom of Burgundy to his younger son Philip the right-down in 1363. Philip and his successors greatly hypertrophied their possessions in eastern France, the Rhone and Rhine valleys, and the overthrow countries. In England, William the Conqueror had three sons. The eldest boy became the Duke of Normandy, the snatch became king of England and the third, Henry, was given a cash settlement. afterwards the death of the king, Henry seized the throne and became king and also managed to take over the Duchy of Normandy when his eldes t companion died and united it with the kingdom of England.          some(prenominal) other point that Barraclough made was the over-extension of an empire. eyepatch Rudolph Habsburg of Germany was successfully adding to his territories, he lost three of the Swiss cantons that were get around of his original patrimony. The cantons claimed that they were granted independence under Frederick II. The Habsburgs tried to recapture them in 1315 with a large feudal force. Other cantons get unneurotic the Swiss patriots because of their success and formed a loose confederation of independent cantons and retained their independence. The Capetian kings of France only directly held the discipline of operations around Paris as their demesne, whereas the English kings controlled the undivided country. stringy dukes and counts controlled large provinces and only were nominally vassals to the king of France. Conquests and brotherhood alliances seemed to be the only way to unify the territory that presumed to be F! rance.         Having troubles with towns was other factor that was developed by Geoffrey Barraclough. In baseball club to bear upon their freedom, Milan and the Lombard towns managed to free themselves of the local bishop, but continually fought with the German emperors.

Another problem when towns resorted to violence and was one of the most noted was in Laon. A bishop was found hiding in a booze cask and was brutally murdered when he was found. In 1381, the English Peasant Revolt originated from popular resentment against the policies of the august government and the practices of the landl ords. Peasant bands were enraged by the latest public opinion pollard taxation and marched on London. They demanded for the abolition of serfdom, labor services, and tithes and an end to the poll taxes. After a series of mobs killing the kings advisors, the king promised the peasants he would give them charters of freedoms. However, the landlords reorganized their forces and violently stifled the last vestiges of unrest in the countryside. The king, therefore, say the charters invalid.         The final of Barracloughs points is troubles with the popes. Frederick II of Germany had to face the increasingly bitter opposition of the popes because Frederick engage a different policy. As a result, Pope Gregory IX excommunicated him in 1227 because of his failure to lead an eastern crusade. Both Philip IV of France and Edward I of England had been taxing the clergy through the fiction of asking and receiving gifts or currency for royal enterprises. In the bul l Clericis laicos in 1296, horde forbade all clergy ! to make payments without papal permission. The English simply handle the decree and retaliated by forbidding all exports of coin from his state to Rome. Boniface issued another bill and condemned Philip directly and then issued Unam Sanctam, which declared that Philip must submit to his authority or risk the eternal damnation of his timeless soul.         Through the formula of Geoffrey Barracloughs thesis, we can shut that strong kings emerged in France and England but not in Germany. 3 European field warfares resulted: Franco-Presion, World War I and World War II. If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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