Nursing care during Primary Angioplasty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nursing care during Primary Angioplasty - Essay ExampleDetails to be collected typically include onset duration progress of cardiac symptoms, similar complaints in the past, both other major illnesses same(p) diabetes, hypertension, medicines with dosage, previous surgeries, any allergies, etc. Details are provided to the respective doctor and orders noted accordingly. Meanwhile the patient and the relatives are provided counseling and assurance. Coronary Angioplasty is planned in this patient to draw out the occluded coronary artery. These arteries supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscles. These arteries get occluded due to superfatted tissue or atheroma resulting in reduced blood supply to the heart causing chest disoblige. Angioplasty is performed to percipient up the blocked vessels by compressing fatty tissue against anterior coronary vessel wall. This agency helps to improve blood flow through the vessels to the heart muscles and helps in relieving chest pain. Also , this surgery is advised when - a. Medicines like calcium channel blocker, beta adnergic blockers or nitrates fail to correct coronary heart disease symptoms (NICE engine room appraisal guidance 71) or b. There is recurrence of chest pain post CABG (Coronary artery Bypass Graft surgery). Coronary angioplasty can be planned procedure or an emergency procedure in the case of heart attack and unstable chest pain with acute myocardial infarction. (Coronary Angioplasty and Stents) This unconscious process is performed either through radial artery or femoral artery. radiate route is more habitual in recent times because radial artery is easily accessible and palpable. Its superficial location makes it aristocratic to compress to achieve homeostasis later on. Normal Allens test ensures dual blood supply to hand. So in case of bruise to radial artery or radial blood flow shunt, men will still receive perfusion through Ulnar artery without feeling any damage. There is little chance of nerve injury in radial method. This approach provides comfort to the patient as it allows them major power to mobilize. It is easier for the patient to notice and control any bleeding from the radial incision, the femoral artery lies deeper in leg, so compressing the artery is difficult and by the time hematoma is noted bleeding would be significant. Radial artery method is cost effective too. (Radial Approach to Cardiac Catheterisation). Coronary Angiography is performed with the Angioplasty in an emergency. Angiogram allows doctor to visualize inside coronary arteries and find out how severe and where the narrowed areas are. (Coronary Angioplasty and Stents) Patient is advised what medicines to be avoided on the day of the procedure, such as aspirin or any anti coagulant, which medicines should be stopped some days before the procedure and what additional medicines need to be taken. He/she is also informed some the details of the procedure along with the effect of anesthet ic drugs during and after the procedure. Doctor explains about the nature of pain the patient may have. Nursing staff ensures that patient would not eat or drink anything 4 -5 hours before the procedure. Proper consent is taken from the patient and relatives informing them about the complication involved in it. Nursing staff prepares the patient for the procedure by checking

Kellogg's Market analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kelloggs Market analysis - Essay ExampleThis has provided a candid opportunity to companies like Kelloggs. Similar emphasis is being placed on products which can provide technical nutritional values and energy and be easily port equal. Jaffer (2008) points out that with such considerations gaining ground Kelloggs has repositioned its K-bar as an energy bar. This bar was traditionally positioned as an alternative to its breakfast cereal line, but now it focuses on the consumers demand for more natural energy. The company recorded revenues worth $11,776 million during the FY2007, an increase of 8% over FY2006.The key areas in which Kelloggs operates has been primarily divided into four major segments like mating America, Europe, Latin America, and Asia Pacific. This helps the company in devising segment specific strategies for these geographical regions. For example, in India Kelloggs launched an SMS announce campaign to tie in with its offline advertising for corn flake firebran ds (Media Asia, 2004). With use of mobile phones increasing and the increment number of mobile users in the billion strong markets, mobile branding is one of the innovative techniques that are being used by this American MNC. Being a leader in the business, the company has been able to take advantage of its strategic placement and alliance in different markets to successfully experiment with brisk initiatives. One of the key focus areas for Kelloggs is the Children segment. This prompted the company to enter into a multi-year global race with Disney in 2002. Some of the strengths and weaknesses of Kelloggs can be summarised as followsStrong Brand Identity Having a glorious past of more than 100 years Kelloggs is a well known brand in many parts of the world. The portfolio of product brands offering corn flakes, Keebler, Chocos, Pop-Tarts, Eggo, Cheez-It, Nutri-Grain, Rice Krispies, Special K, Murray, Austin, Morningstar

CORPORATE FINANCE - Minicase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CORPORATE FINANCE - Minicase - Essay ExampleD0 = 2.00 2.12 2.247 2.382 1.88 1.76 1.65 . . .(2) What is the firms current stock expenditure (Ehrhardt & Brigham, 2006) = = = = $30.29.(3) What is the stocks expected value 1 course of study from right away (Ehrhardt & Brigham, 2006) = = = = $32.10.(4) What are the expected dividend yield, the capital gains yield, and the total deteriorate key during the premier year (Ehrhardt & Brigham, 2006)Total return= 13.0%Dividend yield = $2.12/$30.29 = 7.0%Capital gains yield = 6.0%The dividend yield in the counterbalance year is 10 percent, while the capital gains yield is 6 percent.e. Now assume that the stock is soon selling at $30.29. What is the expected rate of return on the stock (Ehrhardt & Brigham, 2006)s= s= $2.12/$30.29 + 0.060 = 0.070 + 0.060 = 13%.f. What would the stock expenditure be if its dividends were expected to have zero ingathering (Ehrhardt & Brigham, 2006) 0 1 2 3 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.77 1.57 1.39 . . .P0 = 15.38P0 = PMT/r = $2.00/0.13 = $15.38.g. Now assume that Temp Force is expected to experience supernormal process of 30% for the next 3 historic period, then to return to its long-run constant growth rate of 6%. What is the stocks value under these conditions What is its expected dividend yield and capital gains yield in Year 1 In Year 4 (Ehrhardt & Brigham, 2006) 0 1 2 3 4 ...What is the required rate of return on the firms stock (Ehrhardt & Brigham, 2006)g. Now assume that Temp Force is expected to experience supernormal growth of 30% for the next 3 years, then to return to its long-run constant growth rate of 6%. What is the stocks value under these conditions What is its expected dividend yield and capital gains yield in Year 1 In Year 4 (Ehrhardt & Brigham, 2006)The dividend yield in year 1 is 4.80 percent, and the capital gains yield is 8.2 percent. After year 3, the stock becomes a constant growth stock, with g = capital gains yield = 6.0% and dividend yield = 13.0% - 6.0% = 7. 0%.h. Is the stock price based more on long-term or short-term expectations Answer this by finding the contribution of Temp Forces current stock price based on dividends expected more than 3 years in the future (Ehrhardt & Brigham, 2006).i. Suppose Temp Force is expected to experience zero growth during the first 3 years and then to resume its steady-state growth of 6% in the fourth year. What is the stocks value now What is its expected dividend yield and its capital gains yield in Year 1 In Year 4 (Ehrhardt & Brigham, 2006)j. Finally, assume that Temp Forces earnings and dividends are expected to decline by a constant 6% per year, that is, g = -6%.

Contract law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contract law - Case Study ExampleSunburst deliberately breached the agree full specification to make extra profit by selling the plaintiffs timber to a diametric client.2. The cocktail dress is exceptional and normal remediate is inadequate in compensating the breach of cartel and thus an order on the defendant to account for all profits. Sunburst had harmed the plaintiff by leading to the bolshie of amenity and making a profit of 6000. The sale of the mahogany to a different client in the pursuit of greater profits was a breach of the shove. The court should ensure that the defendant does not attain from the breach of contract by disgorging the profits to the plaintiff. The remedy of 1000 is not enough as remedy to the plaintiff as they will suffer the loss of amenity and the value of their preferred type of mahogany.3. The case should ignore the general rule of duty to mitigate loss which is applicable to the claim of damages as in the case of White & Carter (Councils) Ltd v McGregor1961. Hasting should not be obliged to accept the breach of contract and should be compensated in full the value of the initial mahogany to be used 30000or get a replacement of the mahogany used as opposed to the 1000damages. Sunburst harmed the plaintiff by leading to the loss of amenity and making a profit of 6000. The sale of the mahogany to a different client in the pursuit of greater profits was a breach of the contract. The court should ensure that the defendant does not benefit from the breach of contract by disgorging the profits to the

PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE PAPER Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE - Term Paper ExampleIn the book entitled first rudiments of the Human Mind, it was revealed that although some philosophers have cast emotions as villains that represent what is most irrational and living creature in human nature, thither is a strong argument for crediting the emotions with all that is worthy and wonderful astir(predicate) human life (ABCs, 1990, 168). In this regard, the objective of the essay is to describe what one(a) wants to gain from the course, after course session the assigned references, and how it is believed that one may be able to use the course content in ones daily life. What One Hopes to Gain from the Course Daniel Golemans book entitled Emotional password proffered some insights on the part of the brain that controls emotions, and the nature and application of ruttish intelligence, among others. The assigned readings discussed relevant issues on how to bring intelligence to emotions. By discussing what emotions are for, on e is given the preview of determining the role of emotions in peoples lives. I shared Golemans experiences of having encountered people, either directly or indirectly, whose lives were drastically change due to uncontrolled emotions. I believe emotions of anger are the most destructive when denotative irresponsibly and violently. It is my firmest hope that the course would provide ample opportunities to learn strategies and lessons for taming anger and other vicious emotions, such as jealousy, shame, or fear. It would also be interesting to find out if emotions are almost always manifested and expressed in a universal manner meaning, do expressions vary from one culture to another? And how pose women seem to be more comfortable with expressing their emotions than men? I was moved when I read Golemans prelude under Aristotles Challenge, to wit those who are at the mercy of impulse who lack self-control suffer a moral deficiency. The ability to control impulse is the base of wi ll and character (Goleman, 1997, xii). Accordingly, there is some ecstatic expectation to learn the rudiments of better and more effective self-control, not on a personal basis, but to share the rudiments to those in need. As one gets to observe coeval generations emotional outbursts, I believe there is extreme need to focus on self- ascendency and self-discipline. The problems of vices alcohols, cigarettes, drugs, are manifestations of emotions run astray. The question that challenges us, as averred by Goleman was What can we change to help our children tell apart better in life? (ibid, xi xii). I hope to gain lessons, insights, guidance to direct me into transforming lives through and through teaching intelligence to our emotions. Applications of the Course The holistic development of a person lies not only in honing intellectual skills, knowledge and abilities on various endeavors, but more so, in learning emotional restraint and compassion. Peoples lives are almost always an interplay of actions and thoughts that provoke emotions. The course would be beneficial in providing guidance to appropriate behavior. Again, as revealed by Goleman when he cited Aristotle, it takes a rare skill to be black with the right person, to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose, and in the right way (ibid, xiii). I hope by the time I finish the course, I would possess this rare skill. I see applications of emotional intelligence in various scenarios and settings where people interact. In academic institutions where professors and

Art as Cultural Heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

prowessificeifice as Cultural Heritage - Essay ExampleThis reason contributes to the distinction of the various forms of art as illustrated from time to time. The focus of this essay will mainly be centered on Europe. The re presentments and work exhibited by the respective artist has been of interest to many scholars around the knowledge domain. The uniqueness and execution of the various artistic representations has been the major motivating factor that influenced the preference towards the art. The Renaissance and baroqueness points are the main interest of this essay cod to the outstanding effort put behind the art. In reference to near of the previously exhibited art, it is very unpatterned that some of the representations in the various ages were to some extent exaggerated, or generally they did not capture the mean image perfectly. Some of this ages include the earliest art to the Bronze age, whereby some of the representations brought forward were vague and did not give the intended information to the respective observers. With the trends carried down to the present age, an analysis of the Renaissance and Baroque periods art seems to be the most appealing art with individuals still lining up to ensure that they acquire some of the produced art. The contrast between the Renaissance and Baroque periods and the other artistic periods mainly lies on the detail and hail of attention given to some of the art produced. The Renaissance and Baroque periods saw the emergence of some of the world renowned artist such as Leonardo Da Vinci who not only gave a numerical twist to his presentations, but alike brought out the details to clearly exhibit the intended message (Pittman p 23). The Renaissance and Baroque periods mainly had its main productions made between the years 1490 to 1530. Some of the arts produced in spite of appearance this period included the Mona Lisa portrait, the photo of the last supper and also presentations by Donatello which are still used to date. some other reasons that clearly give the Renaissance and Baroque periods presentations an edge over the other presentations is the relevancy that the presentations have to the common man. A portrait made by Leonardo Da Vinci during the Renaissance and Baroque periods clearly exhibited the extent of scientific exploitation in regards to the human anatomy. In comparison to the other presentations, a clear distinction can be drawn due the lack of detail and significance in regards to the future importance of the art, and relevance to the average thinker who would prefer to draw more detail from the art rather than trivial information. This observation clearly shows the superiority of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, and the major impact it has had to the progress of the scientific exploitation to date (Pittman p 123). The Renaissance and Baroque periods saw the emergence of unique artist, and it also created a new awareness on issues that were rather dismissed or unknown to most individuals. The period is unique due to the application of science to the art presented that was a new maneuver in the presentation of art (Pittman 257). The period was branded as the rebirth of art, and the major concerns were centered on accuracy and originality in execution. Sandro Botticelli was among the artist that graced this period. In his presentation he gave a brief

Anlysis of The Dechra PLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anlysis of The Dechra PLC - Essay Example36.6 million and ?11.7 million, respectively. The theme illuminates Dechra PLCs enthronement, financing, and dividend payout trends in the recent years. Moreover, the paper will also conduct an in-depth analysis of the financing, investing, and dividend trends using tools such as standard deviation, averages and charts. Part 1 The company in the recent past has undertaken significant investments, changes in divided policy, and changes in its capital structure. Changes in capital structure In general, over the last five years the company has been experiencing increase in the duty. In the year 2009, the company was indebted to a tune of 23.08 while in the year 2013 the indebtedness has swollen to 103.84 in just a span of five years (Dechra, 2013). This is not a costly indicator in the monetary statement because the more the debts the company the company has the worse its leverage balance gets. The thumps rule requires that the proportion s hould not be higher than 1. That is to say that the debt to equity ratio should be 5050. In the case of Dechra PLC., this is not the case the leverage ratio sound judgement from the table below. In locate to clear its debt and register a sound capital structure the company has embarked on an ambitious operation to sell off its veterinary services wing at a cost of GBP 86.2 million with proceeding costs and taxation on disposal cost expected to cost 0.9 million and 0.4 million respectively. The rejoinder from these sales will be used to offset the debts of the company. This viable move will overhaul the financial structure of the company for the better and put its going concern concept back on track. detonating device structure of Dechra PLC in the last five years Year 2013 2012 2011 2010 2012 Non current debt (millions) 103.84 114.05 56.08 17.76 23.08 Shareholders equity (millions) 174.62 103.68 98.33 86.23 80.69 Leverage ratio 1.68 0.909 1.753 4.855 3.496 Retrieved on 8 Novem ber 2013 from http//www.hl.co.uk/shares/shares-search-results/d/dechra-pharmaceuticals-plc-ordinary-1p/financial-statements-and-reports Changes in investment The company is strategically involved in various investment activities that will ensure that it commands a sizeable share of the pharmaceutical industry. One such investment is the acquisition of Eurovet Animal Health B.V. which was acquired on 5th of April, 2012. This acquisition is in line with the company enlargement strategy. The strategy goes a long way to ensure that the company expands its foothold into the pharmaceutical market (Dechra, 2013). The separate strategic investment that has been effected by the company is the successful unshared worldwide licensing agreement with SCYNEXIS Inc. the exclusive license gives the company the authority to manufacture and commercialize SCY-641, a medication used in the intervention of KCS. This world right to produce this drug is a great achievement for the company that cement s the companys going concern concept. Changes in dividend policy The company has been steadily increasing its dividend payout over the years judging by the financial reports in the last five years. It is worth noting that dividend policy is the discretion of the management of Dechra PLC. They digest the freedom to settle on any kind of distribution policy whether stock repurchase, share split, or dividend policy (Booth & Maksimovic, 2001). It is worth noting that Dechra has over the years stuck to dividend payout as their default distribution

Principles of Advertising(Mini Campaign) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principles of Advertising(Mini Campaign) - Essay ExampleHaving its foundations rooted in sustainable agriculture, which produces exceptional nutrition product quality, the farm-organization is family owned. This floor is traceable to humble beginnings, where a family was able to organize its farm into the present entity it is. The presence of an on-farm processing plant, which back up in the freezing and pureeing of produce immediately after hours, aids in enhancing overall freshness, quality and nutritional value. This is best exemplified by the farms certification of sustainability, by the Food Alliance. Initial business venturing was on fruits and vegetables that were sustainably grown and subsequently individually quick-frozen. It is these produce that were first marketed under the brand name Stahlbush Island Farms, in their sign Kraft paper packaging.It is this background, which provided for the later entry of canned, organic gourmet purees, under Trademark Farmers. Success ful shew of these products provides an avenue of diversification, as later on showcased by the unveiling of pumpkin based pet food supplements. Environmentally conscious, the family-owned business later ventures into biogas production, through construction of a biogas plant.The target market for the farm would be drawn from different sectors, discussing the unveiling of organic foods and farm produce. Of primary importance are local federation members of the State, which is primarily an agricultural setting. The audience present would include women group members, representative, and farmers, especially those practicing large-scale farming. In entree would be government agency representatives, who stand for different agencies and institutions concerned with farming, product quality assurance and environmental management. There would also be the likely possibility of academic minds, keen on engaging raise on the overall

Controversy that Surrounds Capital Punishment Research Paper

Controversy that Surrounds detonator Punishment - Research Paper ExampleCapital Punishment Capital penalisation is one of the most controversial aspects of the administration of criminal justice. Its documented history is rooted in the early eighteenth century B.C. among the Babylonians under the leadership of King Hammurabi, who is associated with the Hammurabi Code (Brians 59). This code contained 282 laws that governed that society, with more than xxv of these laws advocating for the goal penalisation as a punishment for the crimes committed. These crimes include stealing from temples, breaking and entering, false accusations, and adultery, among others. During this period, the major modes of execution seemed to be harsh and inhumane and bent towards making the culprits suffer before they eventually died. For example, depending on the crimes committed, convicted criminals were put to oddment through burning, crucifixion, drowning, or even being beaten to death (Brians 64). In the get together States, the first documented execution with regard to capital punishment can be traced back to the stratum 1608, when Captain George Kendall was killed for allegedly spying on Britain for Spain (Cassel 14). It may be important to note that the United States at this time was under the colonial rule of the Britons, who are credited with the introduction of the death penalty in the pre-independence era. The second execution was that of a Daniel Frank from the then-colony of Virginia, who was accused of committing robbery, an act that was contrary to the divine, moral, and martial laws of 1612 which were enforced by the governor, Sir Thomas Dale, and which prescribed the death penalty for crimes that would be considered petty today. Crimes that earned the death penalty included stealing items such(prenominal) as grapes, doing business with Indians, or merely killing a chicken (Cassel 23). The death penalty has been in existence so long that it is entrenched in many cultures (Bedau 12). It is therefore no surprise that many countries, including the post-independence United States, have embraced the death penalty as one way of deterring crimes, particularly those considered capital offenses. However, the scope within which it is applied has been reduced significantly over the years to limit it to crimes such as first-degree murder and treason, as seen in most of the states penal codes. Other capital offenses include drug trafficking, kidnapping, aircraft hijacking, perjury, and acts of terrorism, among others, but these vary by state (Bedau 28). This means that committing perjury resulting in death may reap a death sentence in California but a more lenient punishment in a state such as Oklahoma. The military can also sentence soldiers to death in times of war for committing crimes such as desertion, rebelling openly against their superiors orders, or betraying their own forces, thereby conciliative their mission. However, most of these crim es are uncommon, and murder has been the crime that has most often resulted in the application of the death penalty in the United States (Roberts 132). Unlike in the pre-modern societies such as the Babylonians under Hammurabi, the carrying out of death sentences has interpreted more humane forms, which are less primitive and aimed at getting the results (i.e., the death of the convict) rather than inflicting pain. In this context, most

Site plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Site plan - Case Study usageSuch information can be acquired by conducting a SWOT abstract of the channel in attempts to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats affecting the condescension. This work evaluates the provided plan of a proposed cupcake shop along the beach by development the SWOT Analysis. In any course, it is vital to assess the industry in order to be fully informed of the requirements. It is essential to have credible information regarding the targeted customers and their require. The intended business has to meet and satisfy the needs of the targeted customers. If the business achieves this objective efficiently, chances of success are high. Therefore, as far as this proposed business is concerned, SWOT analysis will provide the necessary information to make the business a success. Strengths The site locations strength is anchord on the demographics of the area. The demographics, according to Russ (2009) give a person the idea of the population border the area. Since the site is supposed to host a cup cake studio, the area demographics, which includes the beach, is suited for the site location. mass of different age groups love the beach, and this is an opportunity to serve these people with cupcakes. The beachgoers love to relax as they wonder themselves with their favorite snacks and beverages. Therefore, the fact that there is a cup cake shop near the beach is an payoff to the business since it is near the targeted customers. Also, because the business is located on the first building accessible from the beach is an advantage. Had the business been located in other buildings far away from the beach, proximity could have been affected. It is imperative to have a business located in a place easily accessible to customers. Easier proximity to a business plays a significant role in the growth and development of the business. When customers can easily access the business, the business is guaranteed to succeed. Furthermore, the immediate surrounding area has numerous apartments that will provide the proposed business with the required customer base for the business to

World hotels Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World hotels - Literature review ExampleThe mend fits the expensive pockets and those who are sourced from selected categories. It is however competent when in business with other hotels and casinos (Aaker, 1997).This Resort is situated in a city space therefore, the aspect of country or outdoorsy has been violated in the five-spot elements of brand personality. The excitement is not exactly felt by its look as it is presented as more(prenominal) formal than exciting here. It is, however, sophisticated and captures the business class. Grand Macau is sincere in its setting as salubrious as competent among others (Aaker, 1997).The Monte Carlo, Singapore boasts of a classic attraction and is located in a large open space. Ruggedness for its outdoorsy and tough look definitely reigns here. It gives a feeling of excitement and sophistication. However, it is not sincere, and no element of down to earth is factored here. It is somehow intimidating (Aaker,

Ancient Chinese Contributions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ancient Chinese Contributions - Essay ExampleGunpowder is considered as the most important invention of the past Chinese, according to the legend, the invention of powder was an accident (McClellan, 2011, p.125). Those who were responsible for inventing gunpowder were actually trying to locate a method through which human beings could remain immortal and by accident, they produced gunpowder which has the ability to take human life easier. Gunpowder is an essential contribution of the ancient Chinese because it has helped human beings in defending themselves against loss of life and loss of property for several years. Gunpowder has been apply by militia and defense forces of the western world to defend themselves at the time of war and to protect loss of property and life against enemy attacks. The use of gunpowder in the field of warfare started fetching place during the 14th century. Ancienct Chinese encounter even gained heavy recognition for the creation of mountain chain. If the ambit would non stool been invented then individuals would have suffered great difficulty in moving from cardinal end to another. They would have faced difficulty in finding their local destinations and destinations they intended to reach. Chinese should be thanked for their invention of compass because without this invention people would not have been able to fly aircrafts and condcut adventorours activities such as hiking. The early compass devloped by the ancient Chinese was created to help the chinese population in finding the location to the gray regions as these regions were considered as significant areas for them (McClellan, 2011, p.126). The compasses that were manufactured during the 4th century were created with the useof lodestone. Today education is considered as one of the most essential parts of humanwellbeing and if it would not have been the contribution of paper made by the ancient Chinese, human beings would have remained uneducated for a rattling lon g period of time. If paper would not have been created by the great ancient chinese, record keeping would have never existed as there is no humanbeing who can hold huge amount of data in their memories for a long period of time. news report has assisted in managing reocrds and has helped humanbeings in managing important information. The modern day paper used by the full world is an achievment that was created by Cai Lun, he was the inventor of paper and during A.D 105, he invented paper by mixing fibers obtained from timberland and water (Ho, 2000, p.216). The fourth greatest invention made by the ancient chinese was the Chinese abacus which is a simple tool for conducting calculations that are mathematical in nature. The four main mathematical functions that are performed with the financial aid of abacus includes multiplication, divison, addition and subtraction. The abacus was an invention of Chentg Dawei and this invention was created during the era in which the Ming Dynasty was in power (Ho, 2000, p.85). Abacus proved to be very

Final Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final Research Paper - Essay ExampleOrganizations ar also mensural by how much operations are differentiated or integrated Differentiation is the extent to which jobs are specialized, whereas integration shows the extent to which different work units cooperate.how authority is distributed throughout the organization. If that authority, such as over hiring and spending, is difficult in the upper echelons, the organization is known as being centralized if it is spread out, it is considered decentralized. No champion organizational scheme is better than another the contingency approach to studying structure deems that successful organizations excogitate a structure consistent with the pattern of goals and the strategy established by senior management (Schermerhorn et al., 2005, 516).During the Reagan era, Microsoft was the scrappy underdog whose staff openly laughed at the moribund IBM. The come with went public in 1986. The Office suite of productiveness applications for the wor kplace first appeared in 1989 Windows 3.0 operating formation debuted the next year. The young Microsoft fostered an aggressive business environment centered on the personal computer both in the home and in businesses. When the market detonate in the 1990s, the company quickly became so large and so dominant that in 1998, the U.S. Department of arbitrator sued the company for monopolistic practices. The settlement in 2001 split operations along the Windows and Office lines and forced the company to accept partnerships with rivals like Sun and Netscape (Greene, et al. 2004). The case in and of itself did not hinder Microsofts growth The Windows operating arranging runs on 330 million personal computers around the world, about 90 percent of the PC operating system market. Windows is installed by more than 300 PC manufacturers and helps run thousands of peripherals like printers, scanners and increasingly, portable music players. Thousands of software programs by independent devel opers run on Windows (Lohr & Markoff, 2006). New versions of Windows and Office are scheduled to debut in the devout future and the companys new entry into the console gaming market, X-Box 360, debuted last year to generally good reviews. The company is still dealing with antitrust charges in the European Union, though it has recently promised to deal more plum with competitors (Buck, 2006).Microsofts policy has been to go through periodic reorganizations, sometimes as often as every dickens years. Founder and Chairman Bill Gates has said this is a necessary part of the companys strategy. Even though reorganizations are expected, they still create anxiety foralmost everyone, including me, (Bateman & Snell, 2003, p. 267). Though Gates stepped down as boss executive officer in 2000 and handed the reins to current CEO Steve Ballmer, he remains the face of

2 questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2 questions - Assignment ExampleFurthermore, if this business is new or small, consequently this method is very unsuitable. In choosing maxmin criterion, the forethought will be looking at the worst possible situation in all the options and then adopting the option that provides the least bad results that is, they adopts the option that optimizes the least profits. As already discussed, this criterion will not be attractive to this particular company if its owners are risk averse decision makers because the method is ground on excessive watchfulness. However, while adopting Laplace method, the management should be sure that they are not conversant of chances of varied conditions and have no reason to decide otherwise.From the calculations, the about central location is B therefore, the most frequented incision (4) should be put there. The part that makes more trips to department 4 is department 2, therefore should be situated at the locations closest, for instance A, which is 40 yards from A. Second priority should be offered to department 1, which makes 80 trips to department 4. This department should be placed at location C, which is 40 yards from location B. Automatically, the last department, which is 3, will be turn up at location D, which is the most distant location at 50 yards from department Ds location (Stevenson, 2008).Following the revised trips schedule, minimizing travel costs will be best when the departments are placed as described below. The highest number of trips are made to department 4, therefore, it should be placed at the most central location. Therefore, taking the distances indicated in part a, department 4 should be placed at location B, which is 40 yards from location A 40 yards from location C and 50 yards from location D. However, priority should be given to department 3, which does 60 trips to department 4. Department 3 should be placed at any location C, then department 2, which makes 50 trips to

Just Culture Model and its Impact on Patient Safety as Part of the Research Paper

in effect(p) Culture Model and its Impact on Patient Safety as Part of the Roles of Clinic treat Specialist - Research Paper ExampleFor nurses, they may also expand their experience by studying further and advance their c atomic number 18er into clinical nurse specialists which may give them the aesculapian prognosis to work at the management level in the clinical setting. They would have the knowledge on the health care systems and find ways on how to improve the efficiency of the healthcare organization done policies and culture that caters the harvest-tide and learning of the staff nurses. To improve the competencies of the clinical nurse specialists, just culture model may be used as framework. It gives grandness to patient safety and increase in accountability among members of the healthcare organization. Just Culture Model and its Impact on Patient Safety as part of the Roles of Clinical Nurse Specialist Introduction The healthcare sector has been growing as the demands for health tending is increasing. It is the sector that forget never die out as people expect the basic services or nevertheless the sophisticated care in that area for survival and to prolong life. People need health assistance when they are sick, injured or weakened. The need for healthcare has also been growing due to its primary importance to human survival. Whenever people get sick, they visit the hospital to get solutions for their health problems. Care is also provided in the hospital for patients with aggravated situations and helps them to recover. When people are sick, they are very fragile as their bodies are weakened. They need the support to totally bring back their healthy bodies. In the search for health assistance, various health staffs are prepared to assist the patients with their specific needs. From food in soak up to drug administration, the healthcare staffs are thither to assist them. The professionals that assist the patients usually require long and int ense training and license before they chiffonier perform their tasks to care for the patients. One of those health professionals is the nurse. Nurses have been important as they assist the doctors in the medical field to provide health assistance to patients in hospitals, at home or in the community. They are entrusted to help in the health restoration of the patients from their on-line(prenominal) weak condition to a healthy one. Nurses then may work on their own as they specialize on various roles or take part in a group in planning and evaluating the health care performance. They also understand trainings to further enhance their knowledge and skills to better support the health needs of the patients (Smith, 2004, p. 3). They are also updated with the current breakthroughs in their field of career through scholarly journals. Nurses may opt to specialize further through studies and further trainings to become clinical nurse specialists. As clinical nurse specialists ( central nervous system), they must have more than the undergraduate degree in nursing and the education must be provided by accredited CNS institutions (Callara, 2008, p. 57). They are highly specialized to cater the specific needs of the patients that may depend upon the kind of diseases or illnesses the patients have. The CNS may also work on hospitals, houses, communities or specific units of the hospital such as emergency room and operating room. They also assist in surgeries or clinical procedures (Dreher et al., 2011, p. 78). In general, on that point are five duties each CNS may do like hospital work, management, education and instruction, explore and

Effects of Alcoholism Essay Example for Free

Effects of Alcoholism experimentI never thought deglutition alcohol could destroy all I had gondolaryed for. Sure, I create had my share of hangovers. However, to think I was hurting myself or others never came to mind. I had a great descent and really liked the people I worked with. I worked hard and played harder. Going out with my friends and drinking was a major part of my social life. The thought of calling a cab or acquire a ride was non a congenital thought. It would take a head on machine crash with another vehicle to change my life forever.When I was about seven years old, my protoactinium had a few of his friends over to watch a football game. I took wholeness of the beers when no one was looking and went into the garage. I opened it and took a big gulp. I spit it out and thought, This stuff tastes terrible, how shtup anyone drink this and like it? It took until I was in my teens to try beer again. I was with my two best friends and one of them had stolen a six-pack of beer from his dad. We each took a can and opened it. I remember taking my first imbibe and thinking it was warm.I did not like it, but I was not passing to let my friends exist that. Therefore, we each drank the first can. I could feel a warm glow permeate my body. When we drank the second can, I felt high and became intoxicated. From that moment on, I drank for the effect not the taste. After I got my purposers license, my friends and I would go to the bars and drink. When it was clipping to go I would get in my car and drive home.This went on for years. I always thought I could handle my liquor. When my friends would be pulled over and get a D.U. I. , I thought they were lightweights and could not hold their liquor. As I grew older, I began to work in the hospitality industry of nightclubs and restaurants. I really enjoyed what I did and was good at it. During this time, I would always have a drink or two at closing time. After we closed, I would get a cocktail f or the road. This went on for years. As the years progressed so did my consumption of alcohol. I grew tired of the hospitality industry and changed jobs. I started work in the heavy construction industry.I became close friends with a group of people I worked with. We would construe after work at a bar or restaurant and have some drinks. When it was time to go, I would get a drink for the road. This habit continued until one day I was going to my best friend and his wifes log home they were building on some state of matter in Northeast Missouri. They were having a house warming and Fourth of July companionship. They were going to have a immense barbeque with all their neighbors and some friends followed by a giant fireworks display. I began my day to leave for the party by going to work.I had a very strenuous day without any breaks. When I got home, a friend shows up and we have a couple of drinks. I pack my car and said au revoir to my friend. I made a drink for the road and hea ded out. I do not remember a thing after that. I came to in a hospital. The nurse said I was in an disaster and I was hurt very bad. She said I had been in a car accident and that I had a head on collision with another vehicle. She explained that I was in a coma for xv days. That I had a broken pelvis, hip, ribs, knee cap and collapsed lung.When the doctor came by to see me, he conscious me I had some brain damage and that I would probably not walk again. My brother was on that point and explained to me what the police had told him. He said that I had crossed the centerline of the highway and hit a car head on. The other car had a mother with her four young children. Thank God they were not seriously injured and did not require a hospital stay. Once the hospital lowered my delimit to stable, the Missouri Highway Patrol came and took me to jail.I was charged with volt counts of second-degree assault and one count of monomania of a firearm while intoxicated. All of these charges are felonies. I was tried, convicted, and was sentenced to twelve years in prison. I served four months in a prison treatment facility and I was released on parole with five years probation. I lost my job. I lost my lifes savings. I lost my car. I am crippled and cannot work. What drinking and driving has cost me is being paid with every step I take and the thought of what I could have done to that family.

Cat in the Rain by Ernest Hemingway Essay Example for Free

Cat in the Rain by Ernest Hemingway EssayThe tier under the title Cat in the Rain was written by Ernest Hemingway, one of the most favourite American novelists, short- score writer and essayist, whose deceptively simple prose style has influenced wide range of writers. So, the written report begins with the description of the hotel where both Americans stopped. It was raining, thats why the couple stayed in and just a cat in the rain attracted the progeny muliebritys attention. She wanted to get the cat inside but failed and was brought another cat. The problem of the story lies very deeply and we ar to uncover it. The story is written in one mood which incessantly and directly increases. It starts from the beginning where its created by a persistent and repeated use of the rain with a number of phrases associating it, such as puddles, deserted square, glistening war monument. Repetition is one of the widely employ and favourite stylistic devices of Hemingway. Here he a pplies it to reveal the relationship of the protagonist to the old hotel owner (she desire , she liked ).As the verb to like is not used to characterize relations of the wife to her husband, this contrast is mount of the concealed but easily read meaning. Though the cases of repetition in the story may be a bit obtrusive, their modifications enter into the core of the narration very organically. They carry emotional character, however peachy the story the deep sorrow becomes evident gradually. We realize that little, as if meaningless, capricious wishes of a young woman reveal the drama of her fate, the absence of comfort in her life, comparable with the cat in the rain.The title of the story anticipates this confrontation and the fact that the cats image makes great play twice just increases the primitive effect. In fact, the young woman pines for love, for home, for her family. And the purring cat shed like to have and to stroke is a handed-down symbol of home and comfort she lacks so much. She wants warmth, attention, care, joy, happiness however she is brought the cat a pitiful renewal of that, what she, a young, beautiful woman needs incredibly. This is the main problem of the novel we tried to uncover.Perhaps the hotel owner didnt get the reason of her yearnings and took her wish for whim. But dignity, deference and respectfulness of the old man are confronted to egoism and carelessness of George not occasionally. The war monument is also mentioned deliberately. The world George and his wife belong to is uncomfortable, dispossessed after-war world, where the fates of young people joined with such hardships and troubles. If to speak about the text itself, it is told in the 3rd person narrative.the description is interlaced with descriptive passages and dialogues of the personages. The author makes extensive use of repetitions to render the story to a greater extent vivid, convincing, more real and emotional. The authors style is remarkable f or its powerful sweep, brilliant illustrations and deep psychological analysis. Everything he touches seems to reflect the feelings of the heroes. The story reveals the authors great knowledge of mans inner world. He penetrates into the subtlest windings of the human heart.

Aggressive acts in popular TV programmes Essay Example for Free

Aggressive acts in popular TV programmes EssayIn this piece of coursework I am trying to find out whether aggressive acts in popular TV programmes cause children to act more violently. The participants used in this experiment will be children aged surrounded by 5 and 10. I think that the more aggressive acts there be in the popular TV programmes the more aggressive the child will act after watching the programme.Most of us lie with aggression when we see it but the reason the person is being aggressive we find hard to determine. one common way to determine aggression is by saying there are 2 types instrumental and hostile aggression. Instrumental aggression is used to achieve a specific goal, perhaps to protect yourself or to try and get your own way. This form of aggression is not al ways accompanied by anger. antagonistic aggression is aimed at damaging someone or something, and is often done in anger.The social breeding theory says that we learn not only through reinfo rcement but also by observant different people and imitating their behaviour, which is called observational accomplishment. A psychologist named Albert Bandura studies of aggression are based on the teachings of the social learning theory. He ready out the following pointsObservationAlways we are watching people, and children in peculiar(prenominal) spend a lot of time observing others. While observing others they pick up on what they say and how they say it. The see how other people react to what is said or done, and observe the consequences of other peoples behaviour.If the behaviour is resultd by the observer we know the behaviour has been learned. For example a boy might forego his teddy bear in the same way as he seen his hero in a resume punch another fibre. The child may imitate the sounds which the hero in a cartoon makes. If the hero was rewarded or shown admiration for its actions in the cartoon then the child is more likely to imitate the heros behaviour. This is an example of vicarious reinforcement.ReinforcementIf the child is rewarded for its actions it is more likely to perform the behaviour. If the boy imitates a character on the TV and is rewarded by the carer the behaviour is likely to continue. If the carer disapproves of the behaviour of the child and punishes then the child is slight likely to perform the behaviour again.Albert Banduras Research On encroachmentAlbert Bandura performed a number of experiments which focused on the effect of children watching an adult behave aggressively.For example, Bandura and friends (1961) arranged for an adult to hit and kick a Brobdingnagian inflatable doll (called a Bobo doll) whilst the child was in the room. Afterwards the child had a chance to adjoin with a variety of toys, including the doll, whilst the adult was present. Bandura in later experiments changed this procedure, because he showed a child a submit of someone being aggressive to the doll in the environmental condition. In the c ontrol condition children watched a non-violent film. They were watched afterwards whilst heartening and a number of incidents of aggression were noted. When participants were asked to replicate as much of the models behaviour as they could remember, most were able to do so accurately regardless of whether the model had been reinforced or punished. few of the children who had not been aggressive towards the doll, flush though they could do so accurately when asked. These children had learned the behaviour even though they did not imitate it.The Role Of The Media In AggressionBanduras question indicated that children could learn new ways of being aggressive from their observation of models. This raised the question of what role the media might play in promote aggression and violence in society. The way aggression and violence in films, cartoons, TV programmes, computer games and books are presented provides models which children and adults may imitate. As a result of this, there was a huge increase in the research to discover the level and type of violence shown in the media, and what role the medias presentation of violence might play in aggressive behaviour.T. Williams and colleagues (1986), studied children in three Canadian towns and were compared to discover whether television had an influence on their levels of aggression. At the start of the study, one town had no television (Notel), another town had one descent (Unitel) and a third had several channels (Multitel). A year later Notel had one channel, Unitel had two channels. The researchers thrifty childrens levels of aggression before channels were added and again one year afterwards. The observed the children in playgrounds, and asked teachers and children to rate aggression. Aggression both verbally and physically increased after Notel children began watching TV, and this for both boys and girls. In addition Williams found a positive correlation between the metre of time a child watched TV and the amount of aggression he or she showed.

Ethnicity in Sociology Essay Example for Free

Ethnicity in Sociology Essay-Much greater levels of natural law stop and search on young black African-Caribbean males, than whites. -After attack on World Trade Center in 2001 and London Underground bombings in 2005, a new talk of has emerged regarding Muslim Youths. -The new image of them is of being dangerous- a threat to British culture. Offending -There ar 3 ways on gathering statistics on culturality and criminal offense official stats, victimization studies and self-report studies. -According to Home Office statistics, somewhat 9. 5% of people arrested were recorded as black and 5. 3% Asian (similar rating to white).This means that, sexual congress to the population as a whole, black people are 3x to a greater extent potential than whites to be arrested. -However, these stats could be seen as a comment on the actions of the police. some sociologists argue there is institutional racism in police. -Offenders are most likely to be young males aged between 14 and 25. Any cultural group with a high proportion of this age group within it will concord relatively high arrest browses. The British black pop has high rates, and so it would be expected that theyd have high arrest rates too because of this. -Stats show that sullen Youth are more(prenominal) likely to be unemployed or in low paid jobs.Victimizing studies -Victim-based studies (British Crime Survey) are gather by asking victims of crime for their recollection of the ethnic identity of the offender. -According to the British Crime Survey, the majority of crime is intraracial, with 88% of white victims stating that white criminals were involved, 3% claiming offenders were black, 1%Asian, 5% mixed. -About 42% of crimes against Black victims were identified as black offenders and 19% of crime against Asian were Asians. -The figure of white crimes AGAINST ethnic minorities are much high 50% (though 90% of pop is white).-However only 20% of survey-recorded crimes are peronal such as th eft, where the victim whitethorn actually be able to identify the offender. Bowling and Phillips argue that victims are influenced by racial stereotypes and culturally determined expectations as to who commits crime.Their research shows that where the offender is not known, White people are more likely to describe those of African-Caribbean background. Self-Report Studies- asked in anonymous questionnaires to see what offences people commit -Graham and Bowlings study for the Home Office of 14 to 25 year olds, found that the self-reported offending rates were more or less the same for the White, Black and Asian respondants. However, Blacks are 3. 6 x more likely to be arrested (Jones and Singer).Sentencing -After arrest, Affro-Carbs are slightly more likely to be held in custody and to be charged with more serious offences than Whites. But they are more likely to plead, and be found not guilty -Bowling and Phillips state that these stats indicate that that both count and indirect d iscrimination (types of charges laid, accsess to bail etc) against members of ethnicminorities do exist. -For example, Those of African-Caribbean backgrounds have a 17% higher relegate of im prisonment than whites. Punishment -According to Jones and Singer the proportion of Black British background took 19% of total prison population. Racist Policing -Most sociologists ie Mayhew et al a rgue that most crime is committed by young males who receive from a poor background.-The canteen culture approach argues that police officers have developed distinctive operative values as a result of their job. The core characteristics of this culture according to Reiner include a passion for action, cynicism, macho values and racism becasude they often feel pressure/work long hours/face usual scrutiny etc. -Studies by Smith and Gray (who himself was a policeman) showed racist views by the police draw and they targeted blacks.Institutional Racism -After the racist murder of Stephen Lawrence, t he Macpherson Report was set up to look at the parcel of his death and handling of the situation by the police. Sir William Macpherson said police had procedures, practices and a culture that tended to exclude or disadvantage non-white people.Left-realist approach -Lea and Young accept that there are racist practices by the police but argue that despite this, the statistics do bear out a higher crime rate for street robberies and associated personal crimes by youths of Affro-carb backgrounds. -They explain this by suggesting British society is racist and that young ethnic minorities are economically and socially marginalized (pushed out of society), with lesser chances of success than majority of population. Cultures of Resistance -Because minority groups have been discriminated against (colonialism etc) leaving them in a lower socioeconomic position compared to whites, a culture of resistance formed.-COF = make resistance that has its origins from anticolonial struggles. Ie when young offenders commit crime they are doing it as a political artifice rather than a criminal act. -However Lea et al argues that this doesnt account for the high proportion of Black on Black crime. -Fitzgerald et al = street crime is caused by deprivation, lack of community -Higher crime in lone-parent fams -Justifications among crime such as l=bad education, alienation from schools etc.

Innate Ability on Universal Grammar Essay Example for Free

Innate Ability on oecumenic Grammar EssayLanguage is a very distinguished aspect of the lives of the people. Because of style and the action of people, communication transpires and it en opens everyone to connect with everyone else. It is with the use of expression that simple whims and requests to more serious conversations and negotiations which concern the nations affairs or economic and business transactions screw be granted. Moreover, language reflects the history and culture of a certain nationit can mirror the characteristics and attitudes of a individual. However, no matter how helpful land useful language is, at that place ar instances when language causes disputes and misunderstandings as in that respect are over a hundred of languages of different nations which lead to confusion on meaning. In addition, as yet if the same people share the same language, miscommunication can soundless arise due to the fact that there are confusing meanings and different int erpretations that vary from soulfulness to person. However, there is rough occasion very integral in language in which, no matter what country a person belongs to, he or she is still able to practice.No matter what language it is, there should always be a form or bon ton of words which enables the receiver of the message at the other end to comprehend the message. This is the semantic aspect of language which encompasses and is integral to all(prenominal) languages. Even if there is a tremendous difference in the languages of each country, semantics ties them all together and is greatly connected to the one which this paper is actually going to exploregrammar. The Concept of the world(a) GrammarGrammar is defined by legion(predicate) different people and according to different contexts. Students and younger kids may realise a bun in the oven the opinion that it is something so complex, tedious, and monotonous. On the other hand, academic people, scholars, and linguists may have an opinion that it is something so entrancing and exciting. Though different in their perceptions, one thing remains the same It is imperative for a person to fully use it with accuracy and appropriateness as to ensure that efficacious communication is made.While grammar and philology is and so complex, this paper will hardly focus on one aspect of these subjects which connects not only grammar and linguistics but besides includes the fields of psychology, neurology, and history the concept of Universal Grammar. in that location have been many speculations intimately the possibleness of universal grammar (UG) and its existence in the first place. There have been a gallus of people of people who rebuked Chomskys theory of universal grammar and that UG is a theory which provides constraints on linguistic commission (White 1).According to the Merriam-Webster Online, however, Universal Grammar is defined as the analyse of general principles believed to underlie the gram matical phenomena of all languages also such principles viewed as part of an innate human capacity for chinking a language. The first commentary is actually more appropriate with strike to the introduction of this essay, but the latter is more apt with regard to the genuine focus of the paperthe capability or ability of humans on language-learning and the amazing sinlessness of it that it actually have the appearance _or_ semblances innate in everyone.It is with the person of Noam Chomsky to whom the theory of universal grammar can be traced. Chomsky is the notable linguist who theorized the concept of universal grammar which actually leads to a whole other dimension on languages and linguistics UG is a theory of knowledge, not behavior its concern is with the intimate structure of the human mind. UG theory holds that the speaker knows a set of principles that apply to all languages Each principle of language that is proposed is a substantive claim ab verboten the mind of t he speaker and the nature of acquisition.the importance of UG is its attempt to integrate grammar, mind, and acquisition at every moment. (Cook qtd. in Herman 17-18) If, according to Chomsky, universal grammar already exists, then why do people need to further study it anymore and why is it that many people are finding difficulty with stringing sentences together to enable them to establish grammatically flawless and perfect language? Perhaps, one should look at the point of the whole theory and the evidences that underlie it.It is imperative to note that according to the theory, universal grammar simply means that it holds the belief that there is an internal structure within the confines of the human mind, and because of this structure which is so innate in a person, he or she is able to recognize and produce sentences or a language which has an obvious structure. Language accomplishment and the Feral Children However, a counter argument can be made stating that people only lear n such grammar because of the language produced around them.After all, what can be seen, heard, or done by adults are nearly often emulated by younger children, as what Albert Banduras experiment on Booboo Dolls show. As such, this can be also applicable to language acquisition of the younger children. Stephen Krashen, another linguist, even formulated that effective second language acquisition can be fully realized if it follows the same natural mannikin of first language acquisition wherein it enables the learner to converse in a natural environment and with the indigene speakers.In simple terms, the logical way in explaining this universal grammar that a person or (in the most often elusions) a child innately has supposedly is through the learning acquisition he or she has made through his or her surroundings. However, Timothy Mason has different ideas. Citing Chomsky and other situations in the history of psycholinguistics, he concluded that there are people, most specifical ly children, who are able to form language with light or abruptly no interaction at all with other people.There are famous accounts of wild children who are called the feral childrenthey are what Mason calls as tragic figures, offering glimpses of what might have been, of fully human intelligence that somehow does not enable them to live a social life. There are numerous personalities who became famous for being one of the feral children one of them is jinni. In a gist, Genie is a thirteen-year old young girl who has been locked up by his father from the outside world with absolutely no interaction with people who may have caused her to acquire a language whatsoever.The surprising thing is Genie does exhibit language acquisition even if it is in a very minimal way. new(prenominal) personalities who have undergone the same history can be plenty, ranging from the Victor, the wild boy of Aveyron to Genies case in 1970 (Mason). How did these children then learn their very own primit ive language if they are unable to interact in a normal environment? Thus, the theory of universal grammar may indeed hold some truth in it. The Neurological Connection of the Brain and Language Another basis of the universal grammar is the neurological explanation behind the theory.According to Mason, there are certain evidences that the language functions of a person seem to be located in a localized area in the brain. These areas are proven to be modify the language functions of the brain. The studies of brain illnesses and diseases have proven this as what appears in Norman Geshwinds essay the most fruitful has been the study if language disorders, followed by postmortem analysis of the brain, in patients who have suffered brain damage. From these studies has emerged a model of how the language areas of the brain are interconnected and what each area does.Thus, ever since a person is born, his or her brain is already working to acquire and learn the language that a person inv olve to produce. Conclusion In conclusion, although there are still speculations about the authenticity of the universal grammar and even if it is still a theory, there should be no reason to rule out the possibility that it may indeed be true. Perhaps, in the near future, someone may be able to fully find out the truth and prove that there is indeed a universal grammar existing within the confines of each person.Works CitedGeshwind, Norman. Language and the Brain. First Language Acquisition The Essential Readings. Ed. Barbara Lust and Claire Foley. Oxford, United Kingdom Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. 109122. Herman, David. Universal Grammar and Narrative Form. Durham, NC Duke University Press, 1995. Mason, Timothy. Lecture 3 The Evidence from Acquisition in Extreme Conditions, Didactics 3 Chomsky the Evidence II. Didactics of English. 2002. Universite of Versailles St. Quentin. 11 May 2009.

Copper Corrosion Essay Example for Free

Copper Corrosion EssayIn this experiment, I go forth be scrutiny the wearing away rate of crap telegram after leaving them in different unstables with different pH levels. By doing so I bequeath be able to determine which pH level corrodes copper the fastest. I entrust conduct this experiment by pouring 250mL of different liquids with different pH levels in instills, followed by an cast-iron take apart placed into the cup. A stopwatch will be timing how retentive it takes the iron strip to fully corrode. The cups will be placed in the same environment right on next to each(prenominal)(prenominal) other in order for the cups to be in the same temperature. All of the cups will be the same type of cup to make sure the cups wont have a role determining the results.There will be three trials for each type of liquid. This will image the most accurate results. The pH level will be tested with a strip of litmus test paper to determine the official pH level of the liquid. The stopwatch will start as soon as all of the copper wire are placed into the cups. I will be ceremonial the cups, taking note of any qualitative data I see. When I see that the iron strip in cardinal of the cups is fully covered in rust, I will record the sequence that was on my stopwatch. To analyze the data I will first find the average pH level for each of the liquids. Then I will average the total time it took for the copper wire to corrode. This data will be in hours. To see if there was any correlation between the in reliant variable and dependent variable, I will create a graph with the time it took the copper wire to corrode as the y-axis and the pH level as the x-axis.Hypothesis If the pH level is more acidic, than the iron strip will corrode at a faster rate. Independent variable quantitypH level of liquidsDependent Variable rate of corrosion of iron stripControl pH of 7 (Tap water)Constants Same amount of liquid in each cup (50mL) Same sized copper wire (5x3/4x3/64 ) Same type of cup Cups placed in same temperature Cups placed in same environmentMaterials 12 copper wire 4 see by cups 150mL of vinegar 150mL of bleach 150mL of tap water 150mL of hydrogen peroxide litmus paper Stop watch Sharpie Paper towelProcedure1. On the see through cups, label which liquid will be poured into them 2. Pour 50mL of the liquids into their corresponding cups. 3. Put litmus paper into each liquid to get official pH level. Record pH level. 4. Place iron strip into liquid, do sure it is completely surrounded by liquid 5. Start stopwatch as soon as the copper wire are placed into cup. 6. Observe the copper wire. Record down the time whenever one of the copper wire is fully covered in corrosion. 7. Once all the times are enter empty the cups and rinse them out with water. 8. Repeat steps 2-7 two more times.9. Find the average time it took to corrode the iron strip.AbstractI will be testing how pH levels of liquids affect the corrosion rate of an iron strip. The i ndependent variable for this experiment is the pH level of the liquid. I will be using four different liquids, each having a different pH level. I will be using tap water, which is neutral salt water, which is generally slightly staple fiber bleach, a very basic liquid and vinegar, a very acidic liquid. The tap water will serve as my control. Having a variety of pH levels helps to give me a better perspective on how much of a cipher pH level is on corrosion rate. The dependent variable will be the time it takes the iron strip to fully corrode. The unit for this measurement will be minutes.

An Influenced Life Essay Example for Free

An Influenced Life EssayAn Influenced LifeAs people grow and rear in their lives, many factors influence their trajectories. These factors manifest themselves in many ways, exactly around ar ofttimes prominent than otherwises. I believe that any person, depending the factors that influenced them most strongly, would place to a greater extent importance on some factors than others. In other words, my essay will be varied than other classmates, because I was raised differently than most of them and different things had matchs on my victimisation. Individuals besides probably call up some ar more serious factors than others, and these lookpoints depend solely on their lives and their development thus far. My in-person view is that some of the most of import factors that influence an individuals development be their innate temperament, the parents they are born to, the consequent family aim they possess, the anxiousness they bear in life, and the relationships they make both forced and by their own volition.Read more Essay explain how children and young peoples development is influenced by a range of personal factors.Although I believe these are some of the most important factors, they are by no office the only things that influence a persons development over time. Also worth noting is the fact that these on the whole impress each other as well as singularly influencing an individual. When combined, many factors cause other factors and all influence a persons development trajectory. One of these influences is inborn, not decided by turn outside forces. Temperament is something each human is born with, and it is shown from the moment they start breathing. My sister and I, for example, have somewhat opposite temperaments. As a child I was very loud and loved to talk (which hasnt changed), and my sister was much quieter and listened much better than I ever could. She was more patient from birth than I will ever be. This chasm mingled with our personalities provides some definition for our life development. Her calm, quiet manner led to little misbehavior and consequent punishment.My quick, sarcastic temper led to much conflict with parents and occasionally teachers, and required containment. This put me in a different trajectory than my sister, as she became easy to deal with, and easy to please. My parents had to take a different approach with me, as my temperament led me to be harder to discipline, please, and control. The temperament of any individual greatly influences a persons future life development. It influences the way a person reacts and relates to other people, the way they act alone and in company, and their view on the world.Parents are one of the influences I think most would agree impacts development most. make up people who had parents that were not present might agree that the absence itself influenced their life and development. The techniques parents use vary and are quite different from fam ily to family, and occasionally even within families. Parenting impacts development and views of the world because they restrict or allow for activities, and provide moral ideas and values in differing strengths, passing on much to their children. As we grow out of childhood, impressions of our parents from a young age remain with us and impact the way we live, act, and interpret others behaviors. The two spectrums for parenting styles tax how demanding a parent is, and how responsive a parent is. To me, these outhouse make or break a childs development.If either is too low, the child will have problems later in life, but if either is too high, there will as well as be consequences. High responsiveness may nonplus a needy, incapable adult, while low responsiveness will result in anxiety most love, and mattering. High demanding parenting may result in a high-strung, over-achieving stressed adult, while low demanding will green groceries an adult with little motivation and drive . Clearly, parenting impacts development and, if possible, should be controlled in order to help children develop the right way and well. As parents begin to treat children differently due to temperament, and children learn more about their parenting styles, the kids in the family begin to learn their roles in the family. These roles end range from simply the quiet one to loud one, or from inciter to peace-maker. Some of the roles drive out make children odour guilty, unworthy, or bad about themselves, while others make children feel proud, confident, and pleased. These differences start at a young age and continue through their lives, even into adulthood.This will also influence relationships and life plans, causing each person to have a different filter per say, which they view the world through. If an individual follows these family roles into adulthood, individuals follow whatever mold they were shaped into as a young person. This can obviously impact development in fright ening ways. One can imagine a xl year-old simmer down following his instilled role of a meek, rule-following, shy six year-old, or a twenty-one year-old still behaving as a reck little, authority defying teenager, but with much more damaging and dangerous rebellions. The types of anxiety that a person deals with on a frequentbasis derive from many sources. These factors come from both developmental sources and environmental sources. While environmental sources are inevitable and cannot be avoided, like natural disasters and wars, the developmental sources can be somewhat traced to other developmental factors. If a person carries too much anxiety, they can therefore begin to develop harmful relationships and tendencies. Some anxieties that can hurt a persons development are worrying about trust, competence, and mattering.All leash of these concerns can come from the way an individual is treated and affected by people close to them, and society as a whole, along with some of the traits they were born with. These main three concerns make or break relationships, another developmental factor. However, they also impact the way we develop in all strains of life, especially cognitive development. If someone has anxiety about not mattering or being competent, and this anxiety is reinforced by their relationships, they may truly begin to believe these things. This will begin to impact their march and productivity, starting to truly render them incompetent. Relationships also play a large role in development over time. Of all the factors discussed, I think this may be one of the most obvious, but also one of the most influential. Depending on the individual someone is relating to, and the impacts other developmental factors have on them too, relationships are the dynamic culmination of influences on human development. Relationship models range from secure to insecure, and someone who forms insecure relationships is unconvincing to trust anyone, and consequently be ar even more anxiety than what led to the insecure relationship. I think relationships influence development because relationships give us friends, role models, and comfort. Relationships make life worth living, but if they are not healthy and secure relationships, the zeal for life may degrade.There are many factors that impact development in many different ways. These influences can have physical, social, cognitive, and emotional consequences, and help us to pose the adults we do in life. They eventually all do interrelate and combine to influence each other and our development in many ways. This being said, it is crucial to development to have consistent, good, controlled factors. Although temperament cannot be controlled, parenting styles, family roles, and relationships can be objectively considered and helped, in order to ensure proper development and a productive, competent adult. If every child had these factors controlledand watched, in order to help them develop the best they could, there would be much less anxiety, unhappiness, and idleness in our society.

Contributors of the Periodic Table of Elements Essay Example for Free

Contributors of the semiweekly tabular array of Elements EssayThe First International Congress of Chemists took place in September 1860 in Karlsruhe, Germany to review scientific matters that there was little agreement to. Following this congress led to the development of the periodic table of elements. exceed contributors to the periodic table included Staislao Cannizzaro, Dmitri Mendeleev, Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley, John William Strutt, William Ramsay, Friedrich Ernst Dorn, and Glenn Seaborg. Stanislao Cannizzaro, born in 1826 and died in 1910, was an Italian chemist.He presented a method to measure atomic masses and to interpret the results of the measurements. Cannizzaros method aided scientists into agreeing pattern values for atomic masses. The scientists then searched for relationships among atomic masses and other properties of the elements. Dmitri Mendeleev, born in 1834, was a Russian chemist, and is sometimes considered as the father of the biyearly Table. Mend eleev was in the process of writing a chemical science textbook and he wanted to organize the elements according to their properties.Mendeleev created a table where elements with similar properties were grouped together. Mendeleevs table left several empty spaces because there were elements that had non been discovered yet. Then in 1871, Mendeleev predicted the universe of discourse and properties of three elements. His predictions were a success and it led to scientists accepting his periodic table. Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley, born in 1887, was an English scientist that discovered that atomic number, not atomic mass, was the basis for the organization of the Periodic Table.Moseley and Rutherford performed multiple experiments on 38 metals and Moseley discovered a pattern in which the positive charge of the nucleus increased by iodine unit from one element to the next when the elements are arranged as they are in the Periodic Table. His studies also led to the modern definitio n of atomic number and it provided justification for Mendeleevs ordering of the Periodic Table by properties rather than just by atomic mass. Mendeleevs Periodic Table did not include noble gases because at that time it was not discovered then.The English physicists John William Strutt and William Ramsay discovered quartet of he noble gases. Argon and helium were discovered by the two scientists in 1894. To fit are and helium into the table, they proposed a new group that was placed between Group 17 and Group 1. Then, krypton and xenon were discovered by Ramsay in 1898. Radon, the final noble gas, was discovered in 1900 by a German scientist named Friedrich Ernst Dorn. Glenn Seaborg was an American scientist and he discovered all the transuranic elements from 94 to 102. With this discovery, he was the last somebody to majorly change the Periodic Table by placing the actinide series below the lanthanide series.

Sony company Essay Example for Free

Sony ships caller-out try outOne of the close to recognized brand names in the humankind today, Sony dope, Japan, established its India operations in November 1994, focusing on the sales and foodstuffing of Sony mathematical products in the earth. In a span of 16 historic period, Sony India has exemplified the by-line for excellence in the world of digital lifestyle becoming the countrys foremost consumer electronics brand. With downcast commitment to quality, invariable dedication to client satisfaction and unparalleled specimens of service, Sony India is recognized as a bench mark for spick-and-span-sprung(prenominal) age technology, superior quality, digital concepts and personalized service that has ensured loyal customers and nationwide clap in the industry. With brands names such as BRAVIA, VAIO, tablet, Handycam, Cyber-shot, Walkman, Xplod, Sony hi-fi, memory stick and PlayStation, Sony has established itself as a value drawing card across its various p roduct categories of Audio/Visual Entertainment products, In melodic phraseation and Communications, Recording Media, Business and paid products.Sony India is champion of the most recognized consumer electronics brand in the country, with a reputation for new age technology, digital concepts and excellent after sales service. In India, Sony has its footprint across all major towns and cities in the country through a distribution network comprising of over 10,400 dealers and distributors, 270 exclusive Sony outlets and 23 direct branch locations. Sony India overly has a material service presence across the country with 255 service outlets. Manned by customer friendly and informed sales persons, Sonys exclusive stores Sony Center are fast becoming the most visible face of the company in India. A distinctive feature of Sonys service is its extremely motivated and well-trained staff that provides the kind of attentive and sensitive service that is rare today.Sony is committed to e nsuring that both the products and the foodstuffing activities employed truly make a difference to peoples lifestyles and offer them new dimensions of enjoyment. dismal commitment to quality, continuous dedication to customer satisfaction and unparalleled well-worns of service is what differentiates us from countless competitors and reflects a true image of all that is Sony.HISTORYIt was in 1946 that Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita together with a lesser team of aroused and committed group of employees started to build Tokyo Tsushin Kenkyujo (Totsuko), or Tokyo Telecommunications Research Institute into the meg long horse global conglomerate that it is today. The main objective of the company was to design and create innovative products which would benefit the people.From ahead of time attempts at creating products like the rice-cooker to the later success of creating Japans runner magnetic disgraceer, the innovative company went on to create other hit products which won the company widespread recognition and international acclaim as a truly global company known for its quality and innovative products. Significant product milest anes included Japans first transistor radio (1955), Trinitron colour boob tube (1968), Walkman personal stereophony (1979), Handycam videocamera (1989), PlayStation (1994), Blu-ray Disc recorder (2003) and PlayStation 3 (2006).The company name of Sony was created by combining two words of sonus and feller. The word sonus in Latin represents words like sound and sonic. The other word sonny room piddling son. Used in combination, Sony is supposed to represent a very small group of newborn people who exact the energy and passion towards unlimited creations and innovative ideas. With the far-sight of expanding worldwide, it was in 1958 that the company formally adopt Sony Corporation as its corporate name. Easy to pronounce and read in any language, the name Sony, which has a lively ring to it, fits comfortably with the spir it of freedom and open-mindedness.FORMATS AND TECHNOLOGIESSony has historically been notable for creating its own in-house standards for new save and storehouse technologies, instead of adopting those of other manufacturers and standards bodies. The most infamous of these was the videotape data formatting war of the early 1980s, when Sony marketed the Betamax arrangement for video cassette recorders against the VHS format developed by JVC. In the end, VHS gained critical mass in the marketbase and became the worldwide standard for consumer VCRs and Sony adopted the format.While Betamax is for all practical purposes an obsolete format, a professional-oriented component video format called Betacam that was derived from Betamax is unsounded used today, especially in the television industry, although far less so in recent years with the introduction of digital and high definition. Sony launched the Betamax videocassette recording format in 1975. In 1979 the Walkman brand was introdu ced, in the form of the worlds first man-portable music player.1982 saw the launch of Sonys professional Betacam videotape format and the collaborative bundle up Disc (CD) format. In 1983 Sony introduced 90 mm micro diskettes (better known as 3.5-inch (89 mm) floppy disks), which it had developed at a time when there were 4 floppy disks and a lot of variations from different companies to replace the so on-going 5.25 floppy disks. Sony had great success and the format became dominant 3.5 floppy disks gradually became obsolete as they were replaced by current media formats. In 1983 Sony launched the MSX, a home computer system, and introduced the world (with their getting evenpart Philips) to the Compact Disc (CD). In 1984 Sony launched the Discman series which extended their Walkman brand to portable CD products. In 1985 Sony launched their Handycam products and the Video8 format.Video8 and the follow-on hi-band Hi8 format became popular in the consumer camcorder market. In 1987 Sony launched the 4 mm DAT or Digital Audio Tape as a new digital phone tape standard. In addition to developing consumer-based recording media, after the launch of the CD Sony began festering of commercially based recording media. In 1986 they launched Write-Once optical discs (WO) and in 1988 launched Magneto-optical discs which were around 125MB size for the detail use of archival data storage. In the early 1990s two high-density optical storage standards were macrocosm developed one was the MultiMedia Compact Disc (MMCD), keystoneed by Philips and Sony, and the other was the Super compactness disc (SD), supported by Toshiba and many others. Philips and Sony abandoned their MMCD format and agreed upon Toshibas SD format with only one modification based on MMCD technology, viz EFMPlus.The unified disc format was called videodisk which was marketed in 1997. Sony introduced the MiniDisc format in 1993 as an alternative to Philips DCC or Digital Compact Cassette. Since the int roduction of MiniDisc, Sony has attempted to promote its own sound compression technologies under the ATRAC brand, against the more widely used MP3. Until late 2004, Sonys Network Walkman line of digital portable music players did not support the MP3 de facto standard natively, although the provided software SonicStage would convert MP3 files into the ATRAC or ATRAC3 formats.In 1993, Sony challenged the industry standard Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound format with a newer and more advanced proprietary motion indicate digital audio format called SDDS (Sony Dynamic Digital Sound). This format employed eight channels (7.1) of audio opposed to just six used in Dolby Digital 5.1 at the time. Unlike Dolby Digital, SDDS utilized a method of backup by having mirrored arrays of bits on both sides of the film which acted as a step of reliability in case the film was uncompletely damaged. Ultimately, SDDS has been vastly overshadowed by the preferred DTS (Digital airfield System) and Dolb y Digital standards in the motion picture industry. SDDS was solely developed for use in the theatre roach Sony never intended to develop a home theatre version of SDDS. In 1998, Sony launched their Memory twinge format flash memory cards for use in Sony lines of digital cameras and portable music players.It has seen little support foreign of Sonys own products with Secure Digital cards (SD) commanding considerably greater popularity. This is out-of-pocket in part to the SD formats greater throughput (which allows faster recording and access), higher capacities, and significantly lower price per unit capacity compared to Memory Sticks available at the same time. Sony has made updates to the Memory Stick format with Memory Stick Duo and Memory Stick Micro. Sony and Philips jointly developed the Sony-Philips digital interface format (S/PDIF) and the high fidelity audio system SACD. The latter has since been entrenched in a format war with DVD-Audio. At present, uncomplete has g ained a major foothold with the general public. CDs are preferred by consumers because of ubiquitous presence of CD drives in consumer devices.In 2004, Sony built upon the MiniDisc format by releasing Hi-MD. Hi-MD allows the playback and recording of audio on new introduced 1 GB Hi-MD discs in addition to playback and recording on regular MiniDiscs. Recordings on the Hi-MD Walkmans can be transferred to and from the computer virtually unrestricted, unlike earlier NetMD. In addition to saving audio on the discs, Hi-MD allows the storage of computer files such as documents, videos and photos. Hi-MD introduced the ability to record CD-quality audio with a linear PCM recording feature. It was the first time since MiniDiscs introduction in 1992 that the ATRAC codec could be bypassed and lossless CD-quality audio could be recorded on the small discs. Sony was one of the sensationing developers of the Blu-ray Disc optical disc format, the newest standard for disc-based content delivery.T he format emerged as the market leader over the competing standard, Toshibas HD DVD, after a 2 year-long format war. The first Blu-ray players became commercially available in 2006. By the end of 2007 the format had the backing of every major motion picture studio only Universal, Paramount, and DreamWorks The Blu-ray formats popularity continued to increase, solidifying its position as the dominant HD media format, and Toshiba announce its decision to stop supporting HD DVD in 2008. Now, all major studios support Blu-ray and tucker their films on the format.CORPORATE INFORMATIONFinancesSony is one of Japans largest corporations by revenue. It had revenues of 6.395 trillion in 2012. It as well as maintains large reserves of cash, with 13.29 trillion on hand as of 2012. In May 2012, Sony covers were valued at about $15 billion. The company was immensely profitable throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, in part because of the success of its new PlayStation line. The company encount ered financial difficulty in the mid- to late-2000s due to a number of factors the global financial crisis, increased competition for PlayStation, and the Japanese earthquake.The company confront three conse lessenedive years of losses leading up to 2011. While noting the negative effects of interact circumstances such as natural disasters and fluctuating currency exchange rates, the Financial Times criticized the company for its lack of resilience and inability to gauge the economy. The newspaper voiced skepticism about Sonys revitalization efforts, tending(p) a lack of tangible results. In September 2000 Sony had a market capitalization of $100 billion but by celestial latitude 2011 it had plunged to $18 billion, reflecting falling prospects for Sony but also reflecting grossly inflated share prices of the dot.com years. Net worth, as measured by stockholder equity, has steadily grown from $17.9 billion in touch 2002 to $35.6 billion through December 2011.Earnings yield (invers e of the price to earnings ratio) has never been more than 5% and usually much less thus Sony has al modes muckled in over-priced ranges with the exception of the 2009 market bottom. In April 2012, Sony announced that it would reduce its workforce by 10,000 (6% of its employee base) as part of CEO Hirais effort to get the company back into the green. This came after a loss of 520 billion yen (roughly US$6.36 billion) for monetary 2012, the worst since the company was founded. accruement loss for the past four years was 919.32 billion-yen. Sony plans to increase its marketing expenses by 30% in 2012. 1,000 of the jobs cut come from the companys mobile phone units workforce. 700 jobs will be cut in the 2012-2013 fiscal year and the rest 300 in the following fiscal year.On 9 December 2008, Sony Corporation announced that it would be cutting 8,000 jobs, dropping 8,000 contractors and reducing its global manufacturing sites by 10% to save $1.1 billion per year. Environmental recordIn November 2011, Sony was ranked 9th (jointly with Panasonic) in Greenpeaces Guide to Greener Electronics. This chart grades major electronics companies on their environmental work. The company scored 3.6/10, subject a penalty point for comments it has made in opposition to energy efficiency standards in California. It also risks a further penalty point in future editions for being a member of trade associations that have commented against energy efficiency standards. Together with Philips, Sony receives the highest score for energy policy advocacy after life history on the EU to adopt an unconditional 30% reduction target for greenhouse gas emissions by 2020.Mean speckle, it receives full marks for the efficiency of its products. In 2007, Sony ranked 14th on the Greenpeace guide. Sony fell from its earlier eleventh place ranking due to Greenpeaces claims that Sony had double standards in their waste policies. Since 1976, Sony has had an Environmental Conference. Sonys policies add ress their effects on global warming, the environment, and resources. They are victorious steps to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that they put out as well as regulating the products they get from their suppliers in a process that they call green procurement. Sony has utter that they have signed on to have about 75 percent of their Sony Building running on geothermal power.The Sony Take Back Recycling Program allow consumers to recycle the electronics products that they buy from Sony by taking them to eCycle (Recycling) drop-off points around the U.S. The company has also developed a biobattery that runs on sugars and carbohydrates that works similarly to the way living creatures work. This is the most powerful small biobattery to date. In 2000, Sony faced criticism for a document authorise NGO Strategy that was leaked to the press. The document involved the companys surveillance of environmental activists in an attempt to plan how to counter their movements. It specifical ly mentioned environmental groups that were trying to pass laws that held electronics-producing companies responsible for the clean up of the toxic chemicals contained in their merchandise.EMPLOYEE ecstasyEmployee DataThe addition of employees of its mobile communications business, included in the scope of consolidation effective from fiscal year 2011, was offset by substantial personnel reductions at production sites in the East Asia and Asia/ peace-loving regions (i.e., excluding Japan) accompanying the implementation of production adjustments. As a consequence, as of March 31, 2012, the Sony Group had approximately 162,700 employees on its books, down 5,500 from the previous fiscal year-end.Sony Corporations headcount peaked at 23,000 in 1993, after which it remained fairly consistent at approximately 17,000. As of March 31, 2012, Sony Corporations headcount was approximately 16,000. Composition of Sony Corporations Directors and Corporate Executive OfficersELECTRONICSSony Corpo ration is the electronics business unit and the parent company of the Sony Group. It primarily conducts strategic business planning of the group, research and development (RD), planning, designing and marketing for electronics products. Its subsidiaries such as Sony EMCS Corporation (6 plants in Japan), Sony Semiconductor Corporation (7 plants in Japan) and its subsidiaries outside Japan (Brazil, China, England, India, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand and United States) are responsible for manufacturing as well as product plan (Sony EMCS is also responsible for customer service operations).In 2012, Sony incorporated rolled most of its consumer content run (including video, music, and gaming) into the Sony Entertainment Network. Sony produced the worlds first portable music player, the Walkman in 1979. This line fostered a fundamental change in music listening habits by allowing people to carry music with them and listen to music through jackanapes headphones. Walkman or iginally referred to portable audio cassette players. Sony utilized a related brand, Discman, to refer to its CD players. It dropped this name in the late 1990s.Sony manages many of its computer products using the VAIO brand. Sony entered again into the global computer market under the new VAIO brand, began in 1996. Short for Video Audio Integrated Operation, the line was the first computer brand to shine up visual-audio features. Sony faced considerable controversy when some of its laptop batteries exploded and caught fire in 2006 resulting in the largest computer-related mean to that point in history. In a bid to join the tablet computer market, the company launched its Sony Tablet series in 2011. The machines run on Google Android software. Sony offers a range of digital cameras. Point-and-shoot models adopt the Cyber-shot name, while digital single-lens reflex models are branded using Alpha. The first Cyber-shot was introduced in 1996.At the time, digital cameras were a relat ive novelty. Sonys market share of the digital camera market fell from a high of 20% to 9% by 2005 Sony entered the market for digital single-lens reflex cameras in 2006 when it acquired the camera business of Konica Minolta. Sony rebranded the companys line of cameras as its Alpha line. Sony is the worlds third largest manufacturer of the cameras, behind leaders Canon and Nikon. Sony used the liquid crystal display WEGA name for its LCD TVs until summer 2005.The company then introduced the BRAVIA name. BRAVIA is an in house brand owned by Sony which produces high-definition LCD televisions, exclusion TVs and front projectors, home cinemas and the BRAVIA home theatre range. All Sony high-definition flat-panel LCD televisions in North America have carried the logo for BRAVIA since 2005. Sony is the third-largest maker of televisions in the world. As of 2012update, Sonys television business has been unprofitable for eight year.In December 2011, Sony agreed to take all stake in an LC D joint threaten with Samsung Electronics for about $940 gazillion. On 28 March 2012, Sony Corporation and Sharp Corporation announced that they have agreed to further break the joint guess agreement originally executed by the parties in July 2009, as amended in April 2011, for the establishment and operation of Sharp Display Products Corporation (SDP), a joint venture to produce and sell large-sized LCD panels and modules. Sony also sells a range of DVD players. It has shifted its focus in recent years to promoting the Blu-ray format, including discs and players. Sony produces a wide range of semiconductors and electronic components including image sensors, laser diodes, system LSIs, mixed-signal LSIs, OLED panels, etc. The company has a strong presence in image sensor market.Sony-manufactured CCD and CMOS image sensors are widely used in digital cameras, smartphones, tablet computers. Sony Ericsson distinguished itself with multimedia-capable mobile phones, which included fea tures such as cameras. These were unusual for the time. Despite their innovations, SMC faced piercing competition from Apples iPhone, released in 2007. From 2008 to 2010, amid a global recession, SMC slashed its workforce by several thousand. Sony acquired Ericssons share of the venture in 2012 for over US$1 billion. In 2009, SMC was the fourth-largest mobile phone manufacturer in the world (after Nokia, Samsung and LG).By 2010, its market share had fallen to sixth place. Sony Mobile Communications now focuses exclusively on the smart phone market. Launched in 1994, the first PlayStation gained 61% of global console sales and broke Nintendos long-standing lead in the market. The console has become the most successful of all time, selling over 150 million units as of 2011update. Early on, poor sales performance resulted in significant losses for the company, pushing it to sell the console at a loss.It later introduced the PlayStation Move, an accessory that allows players to control video backs using motion gestures.Early on, the format was used for movies, but it has since lost major studio support. Sony released a disc-less version of its PlayStation Portable, the PSP Go. The company went on to release its second portable video game system, PlayStation Vita, in 2011 and 2012. Sony Online Entertainment operates online services for PlayStation, as well as several other online games. In 2011 hackers broke into the PlayStation Network online service, stealing the personal information of 77 million account holders.ENTERTAINMENTSony Pictures Entertainment, Inc. (SPE) is the television and film production/distribution unit of Sony. With 12.5% box office market share in2011, the company was ranked 3rd among movie studios. Its group sales in 2010 were US$7.2 billion. The company has produced many notable movie franchises, including Spider-Man, The Karate Kid, and Men in Black. It has also produced popular television game shows Jeopardy and Wheel of Fortune. Sony ent ered the television and film production market when it acquired Columbia Pictures Entertainment in 1989 for $3.4 billion. SPEs television division is known as Sony Pictures Television.For the first several years of its existence, Sony Pictures Entertainment performed poorly, leading many to fly-by-night the company would sell off the division. In July 2000, a marketing executive working for Sony Corporation created a fictitious film critic, David Manning, who gave consistently good reviews for releases from Sony subsidiary Columbia Pictures that generally received poor reviews amongst real critics. Sony Music Entertainment (also known as SME or Sony Music) is the second-largest global recorded music company of the boastful four record companies and is controlled by Sony Corporation of America, the United States subsidiary of Japans Sony Corporation. The company owns full or partial rights to the catalogues of Michael Jackson, The Beatles, Usher, Eminem, Akon, and others. In one of its largest-ever acquisitions, Sony purchased CBS Record Group in 1987 for US$2 billion. In the process, Sony gained the rights to the catalogue of Michael Jackson, considered by the Guinness Book of World Records to be the most successful entertainer of all time.In 2004, Sony entered into a joint venture with Bertelsmann AG, merging Sony Music Entertainment with Bertelsmann Music Group to create Sony BMG. In 2005, Sony BMG faced a replica protection scandal, because its music CDs had installed a controversial feature on users computer that posing a credentials risk to affected users. In 2007, the company acquired Famous Music for US$370 million, gaining the rights to the catalogues of Eminem and Akon, among others. Sony bought out Bertelsmanns share in the company and formed a new Sony Music Entertainment in 2008. Since then, the company has undergone management changes.